Geosciences/Environment
• Water Documentaries
  
• Three Domains (Superkingdoms) Of Living Organisms
  
• The Cambrian Explosion
  
• The Devonian Explosion

• General Geoscience Resources for Students and Teachers

• General Dictionary of Geology | PDF File
  Edited by : Alva Kurniawan - Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

• U.S. Department of the Interior
  • 13 Turtle-ly Awesome Photos for World Turtle Day
  • Celebrating Hard-Working Animal Moms
  • The color of summer: Wildflowers on public lands
  • 13 Remarkable Trees to See on Public Lands | Blog
  • 11 Things You Didn't Know about Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks | Blog
  • 21 Excellent Side Trips for Your Next National Park Visit | Blog

  • Reorganization of The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
    • BOEM: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
      • Ocean Science
        Ocean Science is the science and technology journal of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).
  • Summer in America's Great Outdoors | Pictures contributed by 'we, the people' | YouTube
  • Search Results for: DOI 'This Week at Interior' VIDEOs

• List of environmental agencies in the United States by state | Wikipedia

• USGS: U.S. Geological Survey
  • National Climate Change Viewer | Climate Research and Development Program
  • Climate and Land Use Change
  • Astrogeology Science Center
    • MAPS
  • Education Resources
    • Aquifer Basics
  • FAQs
  • USGS: Maps, Imagery & Publications | Archived: April 13, 2016
  • Science Topics
    The U.S. Geological Survey maintains this registry of Earth and Environmental Science Internet resources as a service to the research community.
    
  • USGS Publications Warehouse
    The Pubs Warehouse provides access to over 150,000 publications written by USGS scientists over the century-plus history of the bureau.

• Afghanistan
  • Afghanistan Geological Survey
  • Ministry of Mines & Petroleum

• USGS National Geologic Map Database
  "We can help you find information about maps and related data for: geology, hazards, earth resources, geophysics, geochemistry, geochronology, paleontology, and marine geology."

  

• Windows to the Universe
  Brought to you by the National Earth Science Teachers Association
  • Sciences
    • Geology

• LibreTexts | Geosciences

• Earth Sciences | Awesome Library

• Geography for Kids, The Study of our Earth
  An in-depth online geography textbook written for kids.
  • Geology for Kids, The Study of our Earth
    An in-depth online geology textbook written for kids.
  • Volcanism

• The Science Spot: Kid Zone - A Collection of Resources for Students
  • Earth Science Links

• National Geographic Kids

• One Geology
  OneGeology's aim is to create dynamic digital geological map data for the world and to provide service to other types of geoscience data. OneGeology is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world.
  • One Geology Kids - What is Geology?
  • Showcase
    See here how geological map data can be transformed to help society more efficiently use our planet's natural resources, how it can be used to predict and mitigate hazards and how understanding geology is critical to our health and our wealth. Links to examples of the best uses of digital geological map data on the web worldwide.

• Rader's Geography4Kids.com | Structure, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Cycles
  • SITE MAP

• Basic Concepts of Geology | Suggested Grade Levels 9-12
  • Geology Topics
    • Geology Basics

• Simple Geology - Earthquakes, Mountains, Volcanoes

• Wikipedia
  • List of Deserts Worldwide
  • List of Mountains Worldwide

• Euratlas World Atlas - Countries, Mountains, and Rivers of the world
  • Deserts | Search Result
  • The Major Mountains Of The World
  • The Rivers of the World

• Regions, Ranges and Subranges -- World Mountain Encyclopedia
  Spectacular photos and MAPS

• Some Geology Basics | PDF File - by Garry Hayes - Modesto Junior College

• Systems Geology - British Geological Survey
  • The Basics of Systems Geology | PDF File

• TEXT: Principles of Geology | PDF File - 11+megs - University of Leeds

• Structural Geology Introduction/Review of Basic Principles | Western Oregon University

• An Introduction to Structural Geology | PDF File - 15+megs - University of Sydney School of Geosciences

• Geologist | Wikipedia
  A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that shaped it.

• Careers in Geology | George Washington University

• GeologyLink - Cengage Learning - Online Study Center
  Houghton Mifflin - the publisher of Geology and Essentials of Geology - is pleased to present a public forum for all matters geological. This area is open to students, university instructors, professional geologists, and anyone else who seeks insight into the world's daily geological rumblings.
  • Inside Geology
    "Want to learn more about basic concepts in geology? Curious about a recent geologic event? Interested in studying a subject in depth? The following chapters will link you to numerous topical class lectures, Web sites, references, news items, organizations, and glossaries."

• SERC: The Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College
  • Teaching Entry-Level Geoscience
  • The Math You Need When You Need It
    Math tutorials for students in introductory geosciences
  • Student Resources | Math in a geoscience context
  • On the Cutting Edge | NAGT: National Association of Geoscience Teachers
    • About the On the Cutting Edge Program
      The On the Cutting Edge Professional Development Program for Geoscience Faculty brings together workshops, websites, and research activities to support high-quality undergraduate geoscience education.

• GeoScienceWorld
  GeoScienceWorld (GSW) is a nonprofit collaborative and comprehensive Internet resource for research and communications in the earth sciences, which is built on a core database of peer-reviewed journals and is integrated with the GeoRef index.
  • OpenGeoSci
    • About OpenGeoSci

• HistoryWorld - History and Timelines
  • History of Geology

• History of Geology | Professor James S. Aber, Earth Science Department, Emporia State College
  • Listing of Geologists and Geological Institutions
  • Alfred Wegener | History of Geology - James S. Aber

  

• The Worldwide Museum of Natural History
  • History of Geology | Correlating Earth's History
    - Lecture Notes by Paul R. Janke

• Charles Lyell
  • ESP: Electronic Scholarly Publishing
    The ESP site is dedicated to the electronic publishing of scientific and other scholarly materials.
    • Digital Books
      • Principles of Geology Volumes 1 - 3, by Sir Charles Lyell
  • ManyBooks.net - Free E-Books
    • Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell - Free E-Book
  • Free ebooks - Project Gutenberg
    Project Gutenberg offers over 40,000 free ebooks: choose among free epub books, free kindle books, download them or read them online.
    • A Manual of Elementary Geology by Charles Lyell
    • Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
  • Internet History Sourcebook Project | Fordham University
    The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. | Paul Halsall, Editor
    • Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology III & IV
  • Charles Lyell | Wikipedia

• Darwin, Then and Now
  • Principles of Geology
    Often called the most important scientific book ever, Charles Lyell‘s Principles of Geology published in three volumes from 1830-33, shook prevailing views of how Earth had been formed.

• Uniformitarianism: Charles Lyell | Evolution - Berkeley

  ---

• Videos
  • Science Channel: Space, Technology, Engineering, Earth Science | Videos
    • 100 Greatest Discoveries in Earth Science - Videos
    • What The Ancients Knew | Videos

  • 100 Greatest Discoveries | infocobuild

  • 100 Greatest Discoveries - Earth Sciences | Documentaries - Cosmolearning

  • How The Earth Was Made | Season One - Full Episodes | OV Guide
    • How The Earth Was Made | Season Two - Full Episodes

  • "Secrets of the Earth" | by The Weather Channel | 34 Videos - YouTube
    Secrets of the Earth" explores our planet with the same sense of awe and wonder normally reserved for alien worlds. Computer graphics, visual analogies and a recurring cast of expert scientists combine to reveal new aspects of the world you think you know, from canyons of gravity that warp space and time to rain triggered by cosmic rays.

  • Sciences | The Video Project
    Our mission is to distribute the very best in educational media and documentary programming on critical environmental, global and social issues to the widest possible audience worldwide, including colleges, schools, libraries, businesses, religious groups, government agencies and non-governmental organizations.

  ---

• Wikipedia
  • Geological History of Earth | Geologic Time Scale | Earth Science | Outline of Earth Sciences | Outline of Geology
    History of Geology | Historical Geology | History of Geography | Physical Geography

  

• DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals
  Free, full text, quality controlled scientific and scholarly journals, covering all subjects and many languages.

• NOVA - Australia: First Four Billion Years | Video
  Australia's ancient landscape holds clues to Earth's early history and the beginning of life. Aired April 10, 2013 on PBS. This is the first episode of a four-part series.
  • Australia: Life Explodes

  

• Stromatolites
  • What are Microbial Mats? | NASA
  • Stromatolites - The longest living organisms on Earth
  • Stromatolites | Indiana University
  • Stromatolites - The Oldest Fossils | Virtual Fossil Museumm
  • Stromatolite | Wikipedia

• Geology.com: News and Information for Geology & Earth Science
  • What is Geology? What does a Geologist Do?
  • Geology and Earth Science Terms and Definitions
  • Astronomy Articles, Images, Information and Research
  • Geology and Earth Science Articles by Category
  • Mineral Uses, Properties, Descriptions
    • What are Minerals? | What are Mineral Properties?
    • Rare Earth Elements and Their Uses
    • How Do Diamonds Form?
  • Geological Time Scale - A Time Line for the Geolgical Sciences
    
    Printable PDF Graph of Geologic Time

• American Geophysical Union
  Over 90 Years of Quality Research in the Geosciences

  

• Geological Society of America
  The Geological Society of America is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of the science of geology.
  • Journals
    • Geology
      The journal Geology publishes timely, innovative, and provocative articles relevant to its international audience, representing research from all fields of the geosciences.
  • Education & Careers

• IUGS: International Union of Geological Sciences
  The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) is one of the largest and most active non-governmental scientific organizations in the world.

• IUGG: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
  Contributed papers cover all areas of geophysics--ocean sciences, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, hydrological sciences, geodesy, seismology, volcanology, physics and chemistry of the Earth's interior, geomagnetism, and aeronomy.

• USGS: Science Explorer Overview
  • Climate Change

  ---

• Origin of Moon

• Lunar and Planetary Institute
  The Lunar and Planetary Institute, a division of the Universities Space Research Association, was established during the Apollo missions to foster international collaboration and to serve as a repository for information gathered during the early years of the space program.
  • Education and Public Engagement
    • Shaping the Planets: Volcanism
  • Resources
    • Collections
      • Lunar Map Catalog
        • USGS Geologic Atlas of the Moon

• Giant-impact hypothesis | Wikipedia
  The giant impact hypothesis states that the Moon was formed out of the debris left over from a collision between the Earth and a body the size of Mars, approximately 4.5 Gya (four and a half billion years ago).

  

• Earth | BBC
  • Where did the Moon come from? | by Katie Silver - June 16, 2015

• Planetary Science Institute
  • The Origin of the Moon

• Courtney Seligman, Professor of Astronomy
  • Online Astronomy E-Text: Table of Contents
    • The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System
    • The Origin of the Moon

• Space and NASA News - Universe and Deep Space Information
  • It's Official: Water Found on the Moon | September 23, 2009
  • Moon Water Discovery Hints at Mystery Source Deep Under Ground | August 27, 2013

• If We Had No Moon | Top Documentary Films | VIDEO - 51 minutes

  ---

• Geology of Mars

• Exploring the Planets | 2nd Edition
  By Eric H. Christiansen and W. Kenneth Hamblin
  • Geology of the Moon: Chapter 4
    "The importance of the Moon in studying the principles of geology is that it provides an insight into the basic mechanics of planetary evolution and events that occurred early in the solar system."
  • Geology of Mars: Chapter 6

• Geology of Mars | Albert T. Hsui, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  Here you can learn about the six geological processes that are either currently operating on Mars or have operated during Martian history.

• Geology of Mars | Wikipedia

• Earth Life From Mars?
  • Maybe Mars Seeded Earth's Life, Maybe It Didn't | August 29, 2013 - Scientific American Blog
  • 'We are all Martians': Chemist's otherworldly claim stirs debate | August 28, 2013 - NBC News
  • Earth Life Likely Came From Mars - August 27, 2013 - Space.com

  ---

• Microbes

• It's a microbial world | Jane Qiu, 18, April, 2010 - Nature News
  • Microbiology News

  

• Ecological Sanitation | The Water Page
  • Life in a Pond: The Under Water Ecosystem

• Pond Life Identification Kit
  A simple guide to small and microscopic pond life
  • The Smallest Page on the Web

• The Virus that Binds: A Novel Idea Marries Biology and Mining | July 28, 2009 - Science Daily
  "The physical and chemical changes caused by phage may be the basis for a highly selective method of mineral separation with better recovery. Another possible application is bioremediation, where metals are removed from contaminated water" says Dunbar.

• Award-Winning Photos Bring the Microscopic World to Life | October 14, 2015 - Discover Magazine

• NOAA Home
  • Organisms that thrive in Arctic sea ice

• Microbial Life | Educational Resources
  Teaching and learning about the diversity, ecology and evolution of the microbial world; discover the connections between microbial life, the history of the earth and our dependence on micro-organisms.
  • What is an Extremophile?

• Extremophiles | Microbiology: The Beginning

• NOVA | The Lives of Extremophiles
  
  • Chilean extremophile bacteria thrive in Mars-like conditions | By Matt Ford, March 5, 2009 - arstechnica
    New extremophile organisms have been found high in the Atacama desert
  • Microbial Oasis Discovered Beneath The Atacama Desert | February 16, 2012 - Science Daily

• Atacama Desert's "Extreme Microbial Oasis" - A Preview of Future Mars Discoveries? | The Daily Galaxy

• Open Questions
  "A place for everyone to explore on the frontiers of science."
  
  • Earth Science
    • Topic Index
      • Archaea and Extremophiles

  ---

• Metals
  • SteeLog - A Metallurgical Dictionary - All Metals & Forge
    SteeLog is a metallurgical dictionary on more than 5,000 terms used in the metals and metalworking industries.
  • Boundless Chemistry
    • Metalic Crystals
      Metallic crystals are held together by metallic bonds, electrostatic interactions between cations and delocalized electrons.
  • The Structure of Crystals - Animation | King's College
    
    • Simple Cubic Metal | Includes Animation
  • Fabrication of crystals from single metal atoms | Nature
    Metal nanocrystals offer new concepts for the design of nanodevices with a range of potential applications.
  • Structures of Metals | University of Washington
  • NDT Education Resources
    • General Materials Classification
      • Metals
        • Solid State Structure
        • Primary Metalic Crystaline Structures
          As pointed out on the previous page [link above], there are 14 different types of crystal unit cell structures or lattices found in nature.
  • The Structure of Metals | Bodner Research Labs - Purdue University

• Mineralogy

• IMA: International Mineralogical Association

• Mineral | The Free Dictionary

• Mineralogy | Encyclopedia Britannica

• Mineralogy | New World Encyclopedia

• Mineral List | LithoCat | Mineral - Formula - Crystal System

• Physical Properties of Minerals | Tulane University

• Wikipedia
  • List of Minerals
  • Mineralogy
    Mineralogy is a mixture of chemistry, materials science, physics and geology.
  • History of mineralogy

• Complete Information Guide to Rocks, Minerals, and Gemstones | Minerals.net
  • Minerals A-Z

• Mineralogy | Prof. Stephen A. Nelson - Tulane University

• A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals | By Frederick H. Pough

• GeoScienceWorld | Includes E-book Collections
  GeoScienceWorld eBook Collections provides 1,100 eBooks from leading global societies publishing in the Earth Sciences with full chapter downloads and a mobile device friendly eBook reader.
  • Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

• Some Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry
  By L. Bruce Railsback, Department of Geology, University of Georgia

• Mineralogical Society of America
  • FAQ: Collector's Corner
    • General - FAQ
      • How Do Crystals Form?
  • American Mineralogist -- An International Journal of Earth and Planetary Material
    Our mission is ... to provide readers with reports on original scientific research, both fundamental and applied, with far reaching implications and far ranging appeal.

  

• Mineralogy 4 Kids | Mineralogical Society of America

• The Basics of Rocks and Minerals and Polar Geology | OSU

• Mineralogy Database -- Mineral Collecting, Localities,... | Mindat.org
  "Mindat.org is the largest mineral database and mineralogy reference website on the internet. This site contains worldwide data on minerals, mineral collecting, mineral localities and other mineralogical information."

• Handbook of Mineralogy
  The Handbook of Mineralogy series is a Five Volume set authored by John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, and Monte C. Nichols, and published by Mineral Data Publishing. Each mineral known at the time of publication occupies one page of the handbook.

• Mineralogy Database
  It contains 4,714 individual mineral species descriptions with links and a comprehensive image library.
  • Links to Mineral Data

• College of Natural Resources | University of California, Berkeley
  • Index | Berkeley
    • What is a Gem?
    • Where do Gems form? & Where are they found?
    • Diamonds and Diamond Simulants
      The explanation is found in the fact that in diamond the carbon atoms are linked together into a three-dimensional network whereas in graphite, the carbon atoms are linked into sheets with very little to hold the sheets together (thus the sheets slide past each other easily, making a very soft material).
    • Transmission of Light - Color in Minerals
      • Further Description - Basic Concepts
    • Alphabetical Mineral Reference

• Smithsonian Gem Gallery

• Gemstone Crystal Systems Chart | Wikigempedia

  ---

• Crystals
  • Crystals and Mathematics | PDF File | by Gert-Martin Greuel
    A historical outline of the interaction between two disciplines
  • Physical Properties of Crystal Structures - Part 1 | VIDEO Lectures - MITOPENCOURSEWARE
  • Unit Cells | Purdue University
  • All About Crystals | Mineralogy4kids
    • Crystal Systems
    
  • How Do Crystals Form & Grow? | Geology
  • Basic Crystal Concepts
  • Crystal | Wikipedia
    • Crystal system
    • Crystal structure
      • Bravais lattice
  • Crystalline Structures | Crystal Lattice Structures | PDF File
  • How many types of crystals are there? | Reference.com
    • How do geologists classify crystal structures?
  • Types of Crystals | Lumen
  • Science Activity: Growing Crystals | Mr. Thackwrays Science Unit
  • How to Grow the Best Crystals | Scientific American
  • Minerals, Crystals, and Gems | Smithsonian Education
  • Crystallography Now | Oswego - State University of New York
    "In what follows I provide a brief description and rigorous classification of the seventeen planar crystallographic groups (also known as wallpaper patterns)."
  • Types of Crystals | ThoughtCo

  ---

• Radiometric Dating
  • Geologic Time - Dating Techniques | Tulane University
    "Prior to the late 17th century, geologic time was thought to be the same as historical time."
  • How Do Geologists Know How Old a Rock Is? | Utah Geological Survey
  • How Old is That Rock? | NASA-sponsored classroom of the future
  • An Essay on Radiometric Dating by Jonathan Woolf
  • Radioactive Dating by Frank Steiger
  • Radiometric Dating Methods by Sean D. Pitman, M.D.
  • Radiometric dating | Wikipedia

• Ocean/Marine Life

• Ocean Conservation Society

• MarineBio Conservation Society
  • Marine Life
    • MarineBio Species Database: Search

• Marine Biology Web - An Educational Resource | by Jeffrey Levinton
  • Glossary of Marine Biology

• Oceana North America
  Oceana, founded in 2001, is the largest international organization focused solely on ocean conservation.

  

• CoML: Census of Marine Life
  The Census of Marine Life is a growing global network of researchers in more than 45 nations engaged in a ten-year initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine life in the oceans -- past, present, and future.
  • Image Gallery | Spectacular Pictures of Bizarre Creatures

• OBIS: Ocean Biogeographic Information System
  OBIS is an evolving strategic alliance of people and organizations sharing a vision to make marine biogeographic data, from all over the world, freely available over the World Wide Web.

  ---

• "Drain the Ocean" | Watch Free Documentary Online | Top Documentary Films - 90 minutes
  Digital ocean mapping and CGI technology vividly illustrate the mountains, plains, canyons and creatures of the deep as never seen before, revealing a world of almost unimaginable scale right here on Earth.

• "Science of the Deep" VIDEOS

  ---

• Oceanography
  The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt

  ---

• Introduction to Physical Oceanography | PDF File - 13MB
  By Robert H. Stewart - Department of Oceanography - Texas A&M University

• Introduction to Physical Oceanography | The Online Books Page
  • Scripps Institution of Oceanography
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  • Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute

• The Oceanography Society
  The Oceanography Society (TOS) was founded in 1988 to disseminate knowledge of oceanography and its application through research and education, to promote communication among oceanographers, and to provide a constituency for consensus-building across all the disciplines of the field.

• The Ocean Drilling Program
  • International Ocean Discovery Program
  • Janus Web Database -- Marine Geoscience Data
    The database includes paleontological, lithostratigraphic, chemical, physical, sedimentological, and geophysical data for ocean sediments and hard rocks.

• NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • National Ocean Service
    • Ocean Facts
    • What does an oceanographer do?

• Oceanography | NASA

• Oceanography | Wikipedia

• Science Daily: Oceanography News
  • X-ray study reveals new details of how burrowing sea creatures shape geology | October 14, 2015
  • New technique offers clues to measure the deoxygenation of the ocean | August 9, 2017 - Science Daily

  ---

• The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
  • IMAGE of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt
  • Ocean Current That Keeps Europe Warm Is Weakening | April 13, 2018 - Smithsonian Magazine
    Two new studies show the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has decreased 15 to 20 percent over the last 150 years.
  • What If the Ocean's Climate-Controlling 'Conveyor Belt' Came to a Halt? | April 12, 2018 - LiveScience
  • Atlantic Ocean Current Slows Down To 1,000-Year Low, Studies Show | April 13, 2018 - NPR
    "The only thing we really can do is obviously try and prevent global warming because that's the root cause of why we think it's weakening now with increasing temperatures."

  • The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt | The Environmental Literacy Council
  • The Thermohaline Circulation - The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt | VIDEO - NASA
  • What is the global ocean conveyor belt? | Ocean Service Education - NOAA
    • The Global Conveyor Belt
  • AMOC: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation | Encyclopedia of Earth
  • Ocean Conveyor Belt - Thermohaline Circulation | National Geographic Education
  • Ocean Conveyor Belt Impact | Ocean Motion
  • The Blue Planet | University of Michigan
  • The Earth System | Climatica
  • Thermohaline Circulation | Wikipedia
    • Gyre
    • IMAGES | A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation

  ---

  Performing a GOOGLE IMAGE search on great ocean conveyor belt
  will return countless images, each of which is associated with a webpage or site.

  ---

• Seawater
  • What is Seawater Made of? | Painting by Karen Carr
    For Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Sant Oceans Hall
  • Seawater, Major Constitutents | Encyclopedia.Com
  • Seawater | Wikipedia
  • Seawater Chemistry | East Carolina University
  • Welcome to Marine Science by Genny Anderson
    • Table of Contents
      • Seawater
        • Seawater Composition
  • Chemical Composition of Seawater; Salinity and the Major Constituents | PDF File - 7.92mb | Chemical Oceanography
  • What is Happening in the Ocean? | NASA's Climate Kids

  ---

  

• Measuring Waves
  • CDIP: The Coastal Data Information Program
    The Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP) is an extensive network for monitoring waves and beaches along the coastlines of the United States.
    • Wave Measurement | CDIP
  • So, Just How Are Wave Heights Measured? | NDBC - NOAA
  • Oceanography Index | Seafriends
    • Oceanography: waves
      Theory and principles of waves, how they work and what causes them.
  • Wave height | Wikipedia

  ---

• Plate Tectonics

  

• This Dynamic Earth: Contents - The story of plate tectonics | Plate Tectonics | USGS
  • Moving Slabs - Plate Map

  → Click image to the right for larger version ... →

• The Paleomap Project | Christopher R. Scotese
  The goal of the PALEOMAP Project is to illustrate the plate tectonic development of the ocean basins and continents, as well as the changing distribution of land and sea during the past 1100 million years.
  • Earth History

  

• YouTube Videos
  • Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography | Video (12 minutes) YouTube
    240 million years ago to 250 million years into the future
  • Tectonics of Planet Earth (educational video) | YouTube
  • Plate Tectonics Basics | Video (12 minutes) - YouTube
  • Plate Tectonics Theory Lesson | Video (8:50) - YouTube
  • The Three Types of Plate Motions | Video - YouTube

• Plate Tectonics - Archived List of URLs

• A Science Odyssey: Intro to Plate Tectonics Theory | PBS

• Professor Smart's Web Pages | Department of Geology and Meteorology - Kean University
  • Index of /~csmart/Observing
    • Geologic Time | PDF File (28 pages)
    • Plate Tectonics | PDF File (32 pages)

  

• The Theory of Plate Tectonics | Geoscience - University of Wisconsin-Madison

• Ocean In The Earth System | PDF File - 9.5megs - American Meteorological Society

• Water: Science & Issues | Water Encyclopedia
  • Mid Ocean Ridges

• Ocean & coasts education resources | NOAA
  • Ocean floor features

• Marine Biology, Ocean Life Conservation, Sea Creatures, Biodiversity
  • Geological Makeup of Marine Environments
  • The Deep Sea
    "To get an idea of how vast the ocean's depths are, consider that 79% of the entire volume of the earth's biosphere consists of waters with depths greater than 1,000 m."

  

• The Dangerous Earth| Vicki Harder | An introduction to geologic hazards
  • What Is Geology?

• Geodynamics | Wikipedia

• Sonia's Lessons
  • Hydrothermal Vent Communities
    This webpage will familiarize students with a hydrothermal vent habitat. Students will learn where vents are likely to form, how they form, and how physical conditions contribute to the development of a living vent community and to its eventual demise.

  

• Search Results for: Deep Sea Volcanoes and Vents | American Museum of Natural History
  • Deep Sea Vents | Articles

• Wikipedia
  • Triassic period
    During the Triassic, almost all the Earth's land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent centered more or less on the equator and spanning from pole to pole, called Pangaea ("all the land").
  • Pangaea

• Pangaea | All About the Supercontinent Pangaea | by Amanda Briney - June 28, 2017

• Supercontinent Pangaea Pushed, Not Sucked, Into Place | National Geographic News
  • Plate Tectonics

• Pangaea | VIDEO/AUDIO - Encyclopedia Britannica

• Volcanism

• Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program

  

• How Volcanoes Work | SDSU: San Diego State University - Department of Geological Sciences
  • How Volcanoes Work - Volcano Types
    • Stratovolcanoes

• Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
  • Submarine Volcanoes Group

• Introduction to Volcanology - Volcanoes and Volcanism | Interactive slideshow presentation

• Krakatoa: The Last Days | Watch Free Documentary Online - 1 hour, 27 minutes
  Krakatoa: The Last Days (also titled Krakatoa: Volcano of Destruction) is a BBC Television docudrama.

  

• Unravelling Krakatoa's secrets | by Professor Nick Petford - BBC News | Science/Nature

• Earth Science | Extreme Science
  Welcome to the Earth Science portal on Extreme Science! This is the place to find information on world records in earth science and geological formations and to also read about key science concepts in the earth sciences, such as plate tectonics and seismology.
  • Caldera Volcanoes
  • What is a Stratovolcano?

• Volcano World | Your World is Erupting | Oregon State University
  • Stratovolcanoes

  ---

• Earthquakes

• IRIS: The Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
  IRIS is a consortium of over 120 US universities dedicated to the operation of science facilities for the acquisition, management, and distribution of seismological data. Membership comprises virtually all US universities with research programs in seismology, and includes a growing number of Educational Affiliates, US Affiliates, and Foreign Affiliates.

• The Nevada Seismological Laboratory
  The Nevada Seismological Labratory at the University of Nevada, Reno investigates earthquakes and their effects in Nevada and eastern California.

• Northern California Earthquake Data Center Home Page

  

• NEWSGROUP: sci.geo.earthquakes
  Your News Server must list this newsgroup in order to access it.

• USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
  Try performing a search on "earthquake."
  • Research
  • Introduction to Paleoseismology
  • Information by Region
  • Earthquake Facts
  • Earthquakes
  • 20 Largest Earthquakes in the World

• Tsunami
  • Tsunami Facts and Information | Australian Bureau of Meteorology
  • All About Tsunamis: The Science Behind Tsunamis | PDF File | University of Utah
  • How Does a Tsunami Work? | Scholastic
  • Tsunami | Wikipedia

• Introduction to Self-Organized Criticality & Earthquakes
  By Nathan Wilson, Dept. of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan

• Dr. Harmon D. Maher Jr., Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska at Omaha
  • Physical Geology Index Page
  • Analysis of Fractal Geometries in the Geosciences

• Basic Intro to Projections, Coordinate Systems | Vermont Center for Geographic Information
  Adapted from: Peter H. Dana, The Geographer's Craft Project

• Earthquake Articles, Information, News, and Facts | Geology.com
  • FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
  • Disaster Net
    Disaster.net is a resource center for disaster preparation and relief.

  ---

• Paleontology

• Table of Geological Periods | Infoplease

• Earth Science Concepts: What is Geologic Time?
  U.S. Geological Survey - National Park Service - Department of the Interior

  

• The Ages of the Earth

• How Old is the Earth? | ExtremeScience

• Timeline of evolutionary history of life | Wikipedia

• Evolution of Life | University of Waikato

• Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time
  • How old are the oldest rocks on Earth? | September 26, 2008 - Science Daily
  • How to Build a Smarter Rock | Article - Emily Underwood | Science Magazine - AAAS - Geomorphology

• Photos of the World's Oldest Living Things | Science & Nature | Smithsonian Magazine - January, 2013
  Among the organisms documented by photographer Rachel Sussman are 80,000-year-old aspen trees and 600,000-year-old bacteria.

• Primordial Fossils of Earth's 1st Trees Reveal Their Bizarre Structure | October 23, 2017 - LiveScience
  Earth's first trees had hundreds of tree-like structures within them, making them exceedingly more intricate than the insides of modern trees, a new study finds.

• Wikipedia
  • Phanerozoic - The Currrent Geologic Eon
    
  • Paleoclimatology

  

• NOAA Home
  • Paleoclimatology Data
    • Education and Outreach: Paleoclimatology Resources
    • Climate Reconstruction

• NASA Home
  • NASA Earth Observatory
    • Mission to Planet Earth - NASA Science
      NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) is dedicated to understanding the total Earth system and the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment.
    • NASA Ames Earth Science Division
    • Global Change Master Directory | GCMD: Goddard Space Flight Center
      A directory of Earth Science data
      • Biome 6000: Reconstructed Biomes from Paleoecological Data
        • Paleoclimate
        • Terrestrial Hydrosphere
          • Water Quality/Water Chemistry

• Prehistoric World, Prehistoric Time, Photos, Videos, Maps, Facts | National Geographic

• Fossil Mall Fossils for Sale
  • Science Section
    • History of Life in Terms of Evolution, Paleobiology, Paleotology & Fossil Record

• The Virtual Fossil Museum: Fossils Across Geological Time and Evolution
  • Geological Time
    • Paleobiology with Evolution of Life across Geologic Time

• Paleontology Portal
  • A Resource for Fossil Preparation
  • A Resource for Managing Fossil Collections

• UCMP: University of California Museum of Paleontology
  • Geologic Time Scale
  • The Ediacaran Period
  • Introduction to the Vendian Period | 650-543 Million Years Ago
  • Learning About The Vendian Animals
  • BBC News - Fossils may be 'earliest animals' | by Jonathan Amos - August 18, 2010

• Wikipedia
  • Ediacaran
  • Ediacaran biota

• History of Life on Earth | Nature - Prehistoric life - BBC

• Earth Science Picture of the Day

• American Museum of Natural History
  • Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth

  

• Brazos Valley Museum of Natural History

• University of California Museum of Paleontology
  This is the beginning page for Berkeley's Natural History Museum tour.
  • UCMP Web Geologic Time Scale

• Natural History Museum -- London
  
  • The science of natural history | videos, images, features
    Uncover the stories behind Museum specimens and collections, the fascinating work of our scientists, and our latest exhibitions.

• The Paleofiles | University of Bristol
  • The Cambrian Explosion

  ---

• The Cambrian Explosion - The Big Bang of Biology
  
  • The Evolution of Life on Earth | Stephen J. Gould
    "The history of life is not necessarily progressive; it is certainly not predictable. The earth's creatures have evolved through a series of contingent and fortuitous events."
  • The Cambrian Explosion | Wikipedia
  • Origins - Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna | The Scarlet Pensive
  • The Cambrian Explosion | Understanding Evolution - Berkeley
  • The Cambrian Period | UCMP
  • The Cambrian Explosion | The Burgess Shale
  • What sparked the Cambrian explosion? | February 16, 2016 by Douglas Fox - Nature
    An evolutionary burst 540 million years ago filled the seas with an astonishing diversity of animals. The trigger behind that revolution is finally coming into focus.
  • Lightning-Fast Evolution Clocked During Cambrian Explosion | September 12, 2013 by Tia Goss - LiveScience
  • Cambrian Explosion | PDF File | by Joseph L. Kirschvink & Tomothy V. Raub - California Institute of Technology
  • The Scientific Controversy Over the Cambrian Explosion | Center for Science and Culture/Discovery Institute, Seattle
  • Phys.org -- Science News, Technology, Physics, Nanotechnology
    • NEWS tagged with Cambrian Explosion
      • Explosive growth of life on Earth fueled by early greening of planet

  • Evolution for Teaching | University of Waikato
    • Plant and Animal Evolution
      "Whatever their origins, animals may have ventured onto land early in the Cambrian. Previously scientists believed that animals did not begin to colonise the land until the Silurian (440 - 410 million years ago). However, the 2002 discovery of the footprints of animals that scuttled about on sand dunes about 530 million years ago has changed this view."
  • Oldest Fossil Footprints on Land | Nature
    "The oldest fossils of footprints ever found on land hint that animals may have beaten plants out of the primordial seas."
  • An Introduction to Evolution - The History of Life on Earth | Thoughtco
  • The Quest for Chordate Origins | Excerpt of a Lecture by Jennifer Duffy, University of Alberta
  • The Strangest Cambrian Creatures Ever Discovered
  • Richard Cowen -- UCD Faculty
    • History of Life -- 5th edition
      • Chapter 5: The Cambrian Explosion
        • Images of Animals: the Ediacaran and the Cambrian

  • Age of Animals | Universe Review
    • Cambrian Period - 541-485 MYA
  • The Cambrian Explosion | Fossil Museum
    
  • Dawn of Animal Life | Miller Museum of Geology -- Queen's University, Canada
    • Eukaryotic Cells
      "Differences between plants and animals seem at first to mark a basic division of life on Earth. Scientists however recognize an even more fundamental division: life based on prokaryotic cells versus life based on eukaryotic cells."
    
  • Biology Reference
    • Cambrian Explosion - Biology Encyclopedia
  • ActionBioscience
    • Evidence and the Cambrian Explosion by Jeffrey S. Levinton

  • The Cambrian "explosion": Slow-fuse or megatonnage | PDF File | by Simon Conway Morris - PNAS
  • Professor Simon Conway Morris - University of Cambridge
  • Simon Conway Morris | Wikipedia

  • The Burgess Shale and Its Significance | The Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation
  • Fossils from the Burgess Shale of the Stephen Formation | The Virtual Fossil Museum
  • The Burgess Shale | UCMP - Berkeley
  • The Burgess Shale: Introduction
    • The Burgess Shale: Overview
      • The Science of the Burgess Shale
  • The Burgess Shale | Smithsonian Magazine
  • How the Burgess Shale Changed Our View of Evolution | Smithsonian Magazine
  • Additional Resources on the Burgess Shale | PDF File | The Seattle Times

  ---

• Kingdoms of Life

• Kingdom (biology) | Wikipedia

• Wayne's Word | An Online Textbook of Natural History
  • INDEX of Topics
    • The Five Kingdoms of Life
      

  

• Five Kingdom Classification System | Rice Univeristy

• The 5 Kingdoms of Life

• Cazadero Nature Program
  • Five Kingdoms of Life

• Property Desciptions of the Five Kingdoms

• The Six Kingdoms | Rhode Island College

• Classification of Living things - 6 Kingdom Classification | Edinformatics

• Six Kingdoms of Life | PDF File (74 pages) | Washingtonville Central School District

  ---

  Three Domains (Superkingdoms) Of Living Organisms

  I. Bacteria (19): Most of the Known Prokaryotes

  Kingdom: Eubacteria (True Bacteria)
  
  Division (Phylum) Proteobacteria: N-Fixing Bacteria
  Division (Phylum) Cyanobacteria: Blue-Green Bacteria
  Division (Phylum) Eubacteria: True Gram Posive Bacteria
  Division (Phylum) Spirochetes: Spiral Bacteria
  Division (Phylum) Chlamydiae: Intracellular Parasites

  → Click image to the right for larger version →

  II. Archaea (16): Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments

  Kingdom Crenarchaeota: Thermophiles
  Kingdom Euryarchaeota: Methanogens & Halophiles
  Kingdom Korarchaeota: Some Hot Springs Microbes

  III. Eukarya (35): Eukaryotic Cells

  Kingdom Protista (Protoctista)
  Kingdom Fungi
  Kingdom Plantae
  Kingdom Animalia

• Diagram of Phylogenetic Tree of Life

• Not plants or animals: A brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista, and Protoctista
  PDF File | by Joseph M. Scamardella, May 30, 1999

  ---

• Water Documentaries
  • The Water Channel
    Hi! TheWaterChannel is an open resource with lots of videos related to water.
    • The Future of Water

  • Watch Free Online -- "The Great Culling: Our Water" | 93 minutes - Top Documentary Films
    The Great Culling of the human race already has begun. Covertly, insidiously, mercilessly, a global depopulation agenda has been launched. It is being done through chemicals added to our drinking water, food, medicines, and the air we breathe - chemicals that have the known effect of reducing fertility and shortening lifespan.

  • Watch Free Online -- "Flow: For Love of Water" | 93 minutes - Top Documentary Films
    Irena Salina's award-winning documentary investigation into what experts label the most important political and environmental issue of the 21st Century - The World Water Crisis. Salina builds a case against the growing privatization of the world's dwindling fresh water supply with an unflinching focus on politics, pollution, human rights, and the emergence of a domineering world water cartel.
    • "Flow" the Film Home Page

  • Global Water Supply Drying Up As Population Grows | ThoughtCo

  • "Water on the Table" | Wikipedia
    Water on the Table is a Canadian documentary film directed, produced and written by filmmaker Liz Marshall. The film explores Canada's relationship to its freshwater resources and features Canadian activist Maude Barlow in her pursuit to protect water from privatization.

  ---

  There is a separate page on The Bottled Water Industry.

  ---

  • Preview: Last Call at the Oasis | YouTube
    • Ecocentric | Our Hero: Jessica Yu, Director of "Last Call at the Oasis" | GRACE Communications Foundation

    • When There Really Is Not a Drop to Drink | Review by A.O. Scott | The New York Times Movies
      "Last Call at the Oasis" - A Documentary About Water Supplies
      
    • For Americans' Water, It's 'Last Call at the Oasis' | Review by Mark Jenkins | NPR

  • "Water Wars: When Drought, Flood and Greed Collide" | Trailer - YouTube
  • "Water Wars" | Review by Mark Leeper - IMDB

  • Top Documentary Films
    • "A World Without Water" | 76 minutes
    • "Blue Gold: World Water Wars" | 89 minutes
    • "Water: The Great Mystery" | Trailer Only

  • The Water Nexus Blog
    • 10 Must-see water documentaries that provide insight into the future water crisis

  • "Future Earth 2025: A Future of Water Shortages" | YouTube
    Future Earth 2025 takes us on an extraordinary CGI journey into the future offering a vision of what the world might be like if we continue to deplete one of our primary resources -- water.
  • "Future Earth 2025" | IMDB

  • Water Related Documentaries | The Water Project

  ---

• Nature & Environment

• UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme

• Books and Films | Infocobuild
  Books and Films is a place where you can find films based on books, books related to films, and web documents related to the books or films.
  • Nature & Environment

• EEA: European Environment Agency

• EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  • NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
    • Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

• Environmental Defense Fund

• Nature and Environment | Book List - National Geographic

• Earth and Environment | Nature

• A Network Connecting Science with Conservation | NatureServe Homepage
  NatureServe is a non-profit conservation organization that provides the scientific information and tools needed to help guide effective conservation action. NatureServe and its network of natural heritage programs are the leading source for information about rare and endangered species and threatened ecosystems.

• Documentary 'Synthetic Forests' Covers the Enormous Risks of GE Trees | February 6, 2016 - Dr. Mercola

• The Nature Conservancy
  The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends, and to collect and manage data about the status and distribution of species and ecosystems of conservation concern.
  • Regions
    The Nature Conservancy works to protect the lands and waters on which all life depends in 72 countries around the world.
    • Papua New Guinea

• European Centre for Nature Conservation
  ECNC is an independent European expertise centre for biodiversity and sustainable development.

• WSSCC: Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council
  The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) is a global, multi-stakeholder membership and partnership organization that works with poor people, their organizations, governments, and small-scale entrepreneurs to improve sanitation and hygiene at scale.

• Earthwatch Institute
  Earthwatch is a diverse community of scientists, educators, students, and businesspeople who work together to get the fullest benefit from scientific research.

• The Envirolink Network
  The EnviroLink Network is a non-profit organization which has been providing access to thousands of online environmental resources since 1991.

• GreenNet
  GreenNet is part of the only global computer network specifically designed for environment, peace, human rights and development groups.

• Sierra Club Home Page

• Greenpeace International (USA)
  • Research
  • The Environmentalist - Blog

• Information Center for the Environment (ICE)
  The Information Center for the Environment is a cooperative effort of environmental scientists at the University of California, Davis and collaborators at over thirty private, state, federal, and international organizations interested in environmental protection.

• Home Conservation Resources
  • Green Guide For Kids At Home | quietHut
    This guide is packed with links to more than 30 resources about environmental protection and recycling.
  • A Green Home Guide -- How To Go Green At Home
  • Reducing Your Home's Carbon Footprint: 4 Cash-Conserving Ways to Do It | Safe Sound Family
  • Green Living | Article - Home Advisor
  • 10 Ways to Go Green and Save Green | Worldwatch Institute
  • Green Home Resource Guide | ReviewLab
  • Let's Go Solar - Going Green On Campus
    • How Solar Panels Work
    • Ultimate Guide to Solar Panels

• NWF: National Wildlife Federation
  • Wildlife Library
  • What to do With Fallen Leaves | Blog

• WWF: World Wildlife Fund
  The world's leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by more than one million members in the United States and close to five million globally.
  • Endangered Species

  ---

• Biomes

  ---

  Characteristics of the Earth's Terrestrial Biomes
  
  Click above image for webpage with legend

  ---

• Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition) - An Online Textbook - 310 Pages
  Created by Michael J. Pidwirny, Department of Geography, Okanagan University College
  Physical Geography is a sub-discipline of two much larger fields of study - Geography and Earth Sciences. The main purpose of Physical Geography is to explain the spatial characteristics of the various natural phenomena associated with the Earth's hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere.
  • Contents
    • Introduction to Physical Geography
  → Download E-Book : Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition)
  The textbook contains over three hundred pages of information and more than four hundred 2-D illustrations, photographs, and animated graphics organized into ten chapters.

• Progress in Physical Geography Journal

• Progress in Physical Geography | Sources of Nonlinearity and Complexity in Geomorphic Systems | PDF File | Jonathan D. Philips
  • Sources of Nonlinearity and Complexity in Geomorphic Systems | Abstract - Download PDF Available | Progress in Physical Geography - Sage Journals

  

• Biomes | Great Pictures | Buzzle.com

• Biomes and Ecosystems | Windows to the Universe
  • The Ocean Biome
    • The Ocean Biome Image Gallery

• World Biomes - Explore Five of the World's Main Biomes
  • World Biomes - Aquatic

  

• KDE Santa Barbara - Kids Do Ecology
  • World Biomes
    • Marine
    • Freshwater
    • Grassland

• A Guide to the Different Water Biomes | Compliments of Lynn Taylor

• A Graphic Look at the State of the World - Planet Earth: The Executive Summary
  • Global Ecology - Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map

  

• Biomes of the World | Marietta College | Interactive Map
  • Topic Index
    
    • Ocean Habitats
      • The Grassland Biome

• Biome | Wikipedia

• UCMP: University of California Museum of Paleontology
  • UCMP Glossary
    • The World's Biomes
  • Online Exhibits
    • The World's Biomes
      Biomes are defined as "the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment"
      • The Grassland Biome

• Blue Planet Biomes
  This site was created and developed by Elisabeth Benders-Hyde. It evolved from a biome project created by Ann and Karl Nelson, two fabulous 6th grade math and science teachers. All the information on this site produced by students at the West Tisbury Elementary School.
  • World Biomes
  • Savanna

  

• Habitats | Terrestrial - Feshwater - Marine | BBC Nature
  • Tropical Grassland

• Serengeti | Wikipedia

• Serengeti National Park Official Site
  • Serengeti Vegetation
    • Savanna Plant Ecology | PDF File
      "world of savanna plant ecology in detail"

• FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  • Grasslands of the World | Edited by J.M. Suttie, S.G. Reynolds and C. Batello
    • Grasslands of the World: Chapter One: Introduction | FAO
      "Grasslands are a very large carbon sink at world level. Minahi et al. (1993) state that they are almost as important as forests in the recycling of greenhouse gasses and that soil organic matter under grassland is of the same magnitude as in tree biomass; the carbon storage capacity under grassland can be increased by avoiding tillage."

  ---

  Performing a GOOGLE IMAGE search on Biomes will return many images
  related to Physical Geography and biomes.
  Each image is associated with a web page, in case you didn't know.

  ---

• Coral Reefs

  

• UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme
  • Coral Reef Atlas | Archived - 2001

• Mother Jones | Smart, Fearless Journalism
  • Search on "Coral Reefs"
    • Coral Reefs: There's Still Hope, But Only Just | March/April 2006 Issue

• Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef | April 18, 2018 - NPR

• The Wild Classroom: Biology Videos and Podcasts
  • Biomes of the World - Biome Map | Interactive Map
    "Click on a biome on the above graph for more information, informative videos, and links to scientist profiles, travel information, lesson plans and species profiles for each region."
    • Coral Reef Biome

  

• Enchanted Learning Home Page
  • Coral Reef Animal Printouts

• Coral Reef Facts and Information
  Your Online Guide to the World of the Coral Reef
  • Coral Reef Biome: Structure, Habitats, Communities
  → The Importance of Drugs From the Sea | Fox News

• The Devonian Explosion

• The Devonian Period | Encyclopedia of Earth
  By the end of the Devonian, the first seed plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the Devonian Explosion.
• Devonian | New World Encyclopedia
• UCMP: University of California Museum of Paleontology
  • The Devonian Period
  • Life of the Devonian
• Palaeos - Life Through Deep Time
  • The Devonian Period I - The Age of Fishes: Introduction
  • The Devonian Period II - Life
• Earth History: Overview | Old Earth Ministries Online Earth History Curriculum
  • The Devonian Period
• Silurian - Devonian Periods - Slideshare - Transcript Included
• History of Palaeozoic Forests: The Earliest Land Plants | Paleobotanical Research Group - University of Munster
• Devonian | Wikipedia

---

• Evolution of Plants
  • The Four Major Groups of Plants | Cazadero Nature Program
  • Plant Species Numbers | Botanic Gardens Conservation International
  • Estimated Number of Animal and Plant Species on Earth | FactMonster
  • How Many Different Species of Plant Are There? | Evolving Thoughts
  • How Many Species of Plants are there? | Wisegeek
    Vascular plants are the keystone that holds up the entire terrestrial ecosystem, in the same way that cyanobacteria hold up the ecosystem in the oceans.
  • The Diversity of Life - Evolution of Plants - Part I | Furman University
    • Part II
    • Part III
  • Professor Farabee's Online Biology Book: Table of Contents | Estrella Mountain Community College
    • Biological Diversity: Nonvascular Plants and Nonseed Vascular Plants
      • Evolution of Plants
      • Seed Plants
  • Plants | CK-12.org
    • Early Evolution of Plants
  • Plant Evolution and Paleobotany - Plant Classification
    • What is Paleobotany?
  • Evolution of Plants | Biology Reference
  • How the First Plant Came to Be | Scientific American
    A genetic analysis reveals the ancient, complex--and symbiotic--roots of photosynthesis in plants.
  • The Hidden Forest
    • Liverworts
      Liverworts are considered to be the first plant to make the transition from the sea to land, some 400 million years ago, and share a common ancestry with green algae (Chlorophyta).
  • Did Plants Cool the Earth and Spark Explosion of Life? | Hillary Mayell - August 10, 2001 - National Geographic News
  • First Land Plants and Fungi Changed Earth's Climate Paving the Way for Explosive Evolution of Land Animals
    New Gene Study Suggests | Penn State University
    The researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago -- much earlier than previous estimates of around 480 million years ago, which were based on the earliest fossils of those organisms.
  • The First Plants: colonizing wetlands | Earth History
  • The War Between Plants and Animals | by Carl Zimmer - Discover Magazine
  • Changing Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions - A New Model for Climate Change | by Donald L. Blanchard
    In this article is proposed a new hypothesis which presents arguments for a long-term cyclicity (ca. 190 Million years) in paleoclimates, and attempts to correlate this cyclicity with major extinction events.
  • A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Paleozoic | FULL TEXT - | PDF File (1.0M) available
    Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Biological Sciences
  • The Evolutionary Origin of Plants | PDF File - McGraw Hill Education
    Plants evolved from freshwater green algae and eventually developed cuticles, stomata, conducting systems, and reproductive strategies that adapt them well for life on land.
    • Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts | PDF File
      The three major phyla of nonvascular plants are all relatively unspecialized, but well suited for diverse terrestrial environments.
    • Seedless Vascular Plants | PDF File
    • Gymnosperms | PDF File
    • Angiosperms | PDF file
  • How Did Plants Evolve | VIDEO - YouTube
  • The Soltis Lab | Florida Museum of Natural History
    Scientists and students in the Soltis Lab are currently working with a variety of technologies to investigate mechanisms of speciation, evolutionary relationships and character evolution in flowering and land plants at all taxonomic levels.
  • How seeds recognize the seasons | Dec. 16, 2014 - by David Garner | Phys.org
    • Maternal temperature history activates Flowering Locus T in fruits to control progeny dormancy according to time of year
      PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  • The Evolution of Plants (pictures) | Antranik.org
    Did you know that plants used to live only in water millions of years ago? In fact, they didn't even look like plants… plants ancestors were simply algae! Eventually, they evolved to find their way onto land and make use of a completely new environment.
  • Dinosaurs and Plants | Enchanted Learning
  • Wikipedia
    • Timeline of Plant Evolution
      By the end of the Devonian, the first seed-forming plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the "Devonian Explosion".
    • Evolutionary History of Plants
    • Gymnosperm
  • IPlants.org
    iPlants aims to produce an index of all the world's plant species together with, where possible, an image and a preliminary conservation assessment.
  • 8.7 million species exist on Earth, study says | August 23, 2011 - The Washington Post
  • Species count put at 8.7 million | August 23, 2011 - BBC
  • Number of Species Identified on Earth | Current Results

  ---

• Flowering Plants - The Big Bloom
  
  • Angiosperm | Encyclopedia Britannica
  • Angiosperm | Encyclopedia.com
  • Angiosperms | Biology Reference
  • Angiosperm | New World Encyclopedia
  • Angiosperms | Tree of Life Web Project
  • What is a Flowering Plant? | Encyclopedia of Life
    Approximately 260,000 species of flowering plant have been named so far, constituting nearly 90% of all known species of plants.
  • Part III: Angiosperms | The Diversity of Life - Furman University

  • How many species of flowering plants are there? | Published July 7, 2010 - Proceedings B - The Royal Society
  • Estimate of flowering plant species to be cut by 600,000 | Phys.Org
  • Scientists prune list of world's plants | September 19, 2010 - The Guardian

  • When Did Flowering Plants Evolve? | (pictures) - Wisegeek
  • Evolution of the First Flowers
    Florida Museum of Natural History Study Provides New Insight.
  • How did flowering plants evolve to dominate Earth? | Science Daily
    Scientists have discovered the evolutionary step which allowed flowering plants to become the most abundant and ecologically successful group of plants on Earth.
  • The Big Bloom--How Flowering Plants Changed the World | National Geographic
  • Where Did All the Flowers Come From? | The New York Times
  • The Abominable Mystery: How flowers conquered the world | BBC
    The roughly 350,000 known species of flowering plants make up about 90% of all living plant species.
  • The Story of Flowering Plants | PDF File (28 pages) | University of Michigan
    And now; SEEDS and PLANT PARTS for 2nd & 3rd graders !
  • How Plants Work
    • How, When, and Where Did Flowers Originate?

  ---

  Mother Knows Best: How Seeds Recognize the Seasons | December 15, 2014 - University of York
  "Scientists at the University of York have played a key role in new research into the way ‘mother' plants
  use their memory of the seasons to teach their seeds the most advantageous time to germinate."

  ---

  • Leaf veins as the driving factor in angiosperm evolution (Brodribb and Feild 2009, Ecology Letters)
  • Flowers Modern and Ancient | NOVA - PBS
    Here, explore what makes Archaefructus a flowering plant and how it compares to blooming beauties of today.
    • First Flower | NOVA presents the search for the first flowering plant.
    • A Plant with Smarts | by Susan Orlean
  • Montsechia, an ancient aquatic angiosperm | FULL TEXT | PNAS
  • Ancient Aquatic Flora Was among the First Flowering Plants | Scientific American
    Pyrenees fossils suggest the Montsechia lived up to 130 million years ago and is the earliest known example of a fully submerged aquatic flowering plant.
  • New Genetic Study Helps to Solve Darwin's Mystery about the Ancient Evolution of Flowering Plants | Penn State Science
  • Genetics Helps Solve How Flowering Plants Evolved | McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University
    New research indicates that two major genetic upheavals produced thousands of new genes that may have helped drive the evolutionary explosion that led to the rich diversity of present-day flowering plants.
  • The First Flower | VIDEO - 53 minutes - YouTube
  • How Did Flowering Plants Evolve to Dominate Earth? | Science Daily
  • How Angiosperms Took Over the World | by Elizabeth Pennisi - Science Magazine
  • Angiosperms | UNLV
    Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) are the most successful of all plant groups in terms of their diversity. The group includes more than 250,000 species, and at least 12,000 genera.
  • Flowering Plant - Angiosperm | Wikipedia
    • Flower
    • ABC model of flower development
      ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower.
  • The ABC model of flower development: then and now | PDF File - CalTech
    Authors: John L. Bowman, David R. Smyth and Elliot M. Meyerowitz
  • Review: Molecular evolution of flower development | PDF File - NYU
    Authors: Amy L. Lawton-Rauh, Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla and Michael D. Purugganan
    The study of the evolution of genes that control floral morphogenesis permits us to draw inferences on the diversification of developmental systems, the origin of floral organs and the selective forces that drive evolutionary change among these plant reproductive structures.
  • How Flower Petals Get Their Shape | April 30, 2013 - Live Science
    The shape of a flower's petals and leaves are dictated by a biological map hidden inside the flower's growing bud, a new study finds.
  • Angiosperm Floral Morphology | Univeristy of Wisconsin
  • The Description of Flowers
  • The Carnivorous Plant FAQ - The International Carnivorous Plant Society
    • How Did Carnivorous Plants Evolve?

  ---

  → What is the largest flower in the world? | Library of Congress

  → The World's Smallest Fruit | Wayne's Word

---

• Ecosystems
  • The Bountiful Benefits Of Bringing Back The Beavers | June 24, 2018 - NPR - Heard on Weekend Edition

• An On-Line Biology Book: Table of Contents | by Doctor Michael Farabee
  • Community and Ecosystem Dynamics

  

• Biodiversity -- Ecosystems | EEA: European Environment Agency

• Encyclopedia of Earth
  • Ecosystem

• Ecosystem | Encyclopedia Britannica

• Ecosystem | Wikipedia

• What is an Ecosystem? | eSchoolToday

• What is an Ecosystem? What Types of Ecosystems Are There? | World Atlas

• Types of Environmental Ecosystems | Sciencing

• What is an Ecosystem and Types of Ecosystems? | Conserve Energy

• What is an Ecosystem? | Khan Academy

• Ecosystems | The Environmental Literacy Council

  

• Ecosystems, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services | GlobalChange.gov

• The Ecosystem and how it Relates to Sustainability | University of Michigan

• Habitats and ecosystems | DKFindOut

• Ecosystems | The Earth Institute - Columbia University

• Climate Change Indicators: Ecosystems | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

• Welcome to the Kids' Corner of the Houghton Forestry Sciences Lab
  • Definition of an Ecosystem

• 'What If We Change' Magazine | Visons on ecosystem restorations
  • Resources
    • Guide to the Millennium Assessment Reports
      The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide.

• Self-Organization in Complex Ecosystems | by Richard V. Sole and Jordi Bascompte - Princeton University Press

• Are Ecosystems Alive? by Vincent Vesterby

• IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
  The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard for how we assess the conservation status of ecosystems.
  • Red List of Ecosystems

  ---

  • When eradicating invasive species threatens endangered species recovery | May 29, 2014 | News360 - PhysOrg
  • Optimal approaches for balancing invasive species eradication and endangered species management | May 30, 2014 | Science Mag - AAAS

  ---

• Ice - Glaciers
  • Enormous Iceberg About to Break Off From Antarctica | June 1, 2017 - USNews
  • Massive Iceberg Breaks Off from Antarctica | July 12, 2017 - NASA
  • Giant iceberg breaks off Antarctica | July 12, 2017 - Reuters
    • Explanatory Graphic
  • Iceberg twice size of Luxembourg breaks off Antarctic ice shelf | July 12, 2017 | The Guardian
    Satellite data confirms calving of trillion-tonne, 5,800 sq km iceberg from the Larsen C ice shelf, dramatically altering the landscape.
    • Graphic of iceberg crack along shelf

  • NSIDC: National Snow & Ice Data Center
    
    • All About Glaciers: Introduction
  • Glaciers | National Park Service
  • Glacier | Encyclopedia Britannica
  • Glaciology | Wikipedia

  • Theories of the Ice Age
  • Richard A. Muller | Professor, Berkeley Department of Physics
    • A brief introduction to ice age theories
      
  • New Evidence Supports Ice Age Comet Theory
  • Iceage Theory | A Chaos theory of ice ages
  • Ice Ages: Illinois State Museum

  ---

• Forests
  • Forest News:
    • 280-Million-Year-Old Fossil Forest Discovered in... Antarctica | November 15, 2017 - LiveScience
      "Antarctica preserves an ecologic history of polar biomes that ranges for about 400 million years, which is basically the entirety of plant evolution," said Erik Gulbranson, a paleoecologist at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

    • 'Sapphire rush' threatens rainforests of Madagascar | April 2, 2017 - The Guardian
    • Millions of trees cut down to make way for wind farms | Scottish Conservatives
      
    • Millions of trees cut down to make way for wind farms | The Daily Caller
      
    • England may be in deforestation state due to lack of tree planting | The Guardian
      
    • A Nigerian Superhighway Project Threatens a Critical Rainforest and Its People | Earth Island Journal
      
    • Six-Lane Highway Threatens Nigeria's Last Rainforests | Smithsonian Magazine
      
    • Stop Superhighway From Destroying Rainforest Wildlife | Animal Petitions
      
    • Barnaby Joyce plan to log old growth forest will 'drive animals to extinction,' expert says | March 28, 2017 | The Guardian
      
    • Why reignite Tasmania's forest wars - to produce logs no one will buy? | March 24, 2017 | The Guardian
      
    • Tasmanian government rips up 'job-destroying' forestry peace deal | September 2, 2016 | The Guardian
      400,000 hectares of protected native forest to be opened to logging in move Liberals say will enhance job creation
    • Plans to log Tasmania's world heritage forests dropped after UN criticism | March 20, 2016 | The Guardian
      
    • Brown Mountain -- irreplaceable old-growth forest being logged | The Wilderness Society
      
    • Leuser Watch | Exposing the Destruction of Indonesia's Leuser Ecosystem | Rainforest Action Network
      

  ---

• The Secret Life of Trees: The Astonishing Science of What Trees Feel and How They Communicate | by Maria Popova - BrainPickings

• Basic Facts About Forests | Defenders of Wildlife
  • Types of Forests

  

• Forest | Wikipedia

• The different types of forests: everything you need to know | ZME Science

• Types of Forests | Geography | 9-14 yrs | Interactive | mocomi.com

• Describe a Forest Ecosystem | oureverydaylife

• Forests of the World | PDF File | Ed Jensen - College of Forestry - OSU

• Understanding Forest Ecosystems and Biodiversity | ThoughtCo

• Forest Ecosystems | SpringerOpen
  Forest Ecosystems is an open access, peer-reviewed journal publishing scientific communications from any discipline that can provide interesting contributions about the structure and dynamics of "natural" and "domesticated" forest ecosystems, and their services to people.

• Forest Ecosystems -- More Than Just Trees (Book - 480 pages) | Open Access - Edited by Juan A. Blanco and Yueh-Hsin Lo - Publisher: InTech

• Forest Ecosystem | Article - The Free Dictionary

  

• The Importance of the Forest Ecosystem | Article | April 24, 2017 by Robert Agar | Sciencing
  • Types of Forest Ecosystems | Article | April 24, 2017 by Shelby Redfield
  • Why is Deforestation a Global Environmental Problem? | Article | April 25, 2017 by Sarah Cairoli

• Biggest Old Growth Forests in the United States | World Atlas

• Forests Australia

• USDA - Forest Service
  • Natural Inquirer >> A middle school science education journal

• Trees for Life | UK
  The core purpose and vision of Trees for Life is to restore the Caledonian Forest and all its constituent species of flora and fauna to the Scottish Highlands.
  • Deforestation

• World Rainforest Movement | NEWS
  The World Rainforest Movement (WRM) is an international organization that, through its work on forest and plantation related issues, contributes to achieving the respect of local peoples' rights over their forests and territories.

• Rainforest Alliance
  • Forests
    Forests are critical to the survival of every living thing on Earth. Forests clean the air, regulate weather, absorb greenhouse gas emissions, and stabilize the climate--both global and local. Not to mention, forests provide habitat for 80 percent of the world's terrestrial biodiversity and livelihoods for 1.6 billion people.

• CIFOR: Center for International Forestry Research
  • Forests and Climate Change
    Deforestation accounts for nearly 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions -- more than the world's entire transport sector. At the same time, the removal capacity of forests is decreased as forests are lost.

• Rainforest Action Network
  Rainforest Action Network campaigns for the forests, their inhabitants and the natural systems that sustain life by transforming the global marketplace through education, grassroots organizing and non-violent direct action.
  • Leuser Watch | Exposing the Destruction of Indonesia's Leuser Ecosystem
    The Leuser Ecosystem is a spectacular expanse of rare, intact rainforest that is the only place left on Earth where tigers, orangutans, elephants and rhinos live together in the wild.

• The Most Beautiful Forests in the World | thrillist

• Arbor Day Foundation
  • Anatomy of a Tree

• Trees for Life
  • Tree Bark

• Bark | Encyclopedia Britannica

• Bark | Wikipedia

  ---

  

• Moss - Lichen
  • Moss | Wikipedia
  • What is a Moss? | Australian National Herbarium
  • Moss | HowStuffWorks
  • Mosses and Liverworts | Biology4Kids

  • What is Lichen? | Wikipedia
  • What is a Lichen? | Australian National Herbarium
  • What is a Lichen? | The British Lichen Society
  • Lichens | Ohio State University
  • Lichens of North America - Information
    This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press.

  ---

• IUFRO: International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
  The Global Network for Forest Science Cooperation
  "IUFRO is a non-profit, non governmental international research organization which was established in Berlin-Eberswalde in 1892. Its objectives are to promote international cooperation in forestry and forest products research."

• The Wild Classroom: Biology Videos and Podcasts
  • Biomes of the World - Biome Map | Interactive Map
    "Click on a biome on the above graph for more information, informative videos, and links to scientist profiles, travel information, lesson plans and species profiles for each region."
    
    • Rainforests

• Environmental news and information | Mongabay
  • Rainforests: facts, figures, news, and pictures
  • Rainforest Information for Kids
    • Deforestation Figures for Selected Countries | Mongabay
  • Conservation news and environmental science news
    Mongabay, founded in 1999, seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, aims to be your best source of tropical rainforest conservation and environmental science news.

• Deforestation | WWF: World Wide Foundation

• Green, Going, Gone: The Tragic Deforestation of the Chaco
  By Christine Macdonald - July 28, 2014 - The Rolling Stone

  ---

  For more sources on Forests of the World, Global Digest has a section on
  Environment|Conservation|Endangered Species.

  ---

• Rivers
  • International Rivers
    Since 1985, International Rivers has been at the heart of the global struggle to protect rivers and the rights of communities that depend on them. We work with an international network of dam-affected people, grassroots organizations, environmentalists, human rights advocates and others who are committed to stopping destructive river projects and promoting better options.
  • Rivers | National Geographic
  • Lists of rivers | Wikipedia
    This is a comprehensive list of lists of rivers, organized primarily by continent and country.
  • Rivers, Major World | Water Encyclopedia
  • Principle Rivers of the World | FactMonster.com
    The following table lists the principal rivers of the world including the name, source location, outflow, and approximate length.
  • Major World Rivers| EnchantedLearning.com
    
  • List of Major Rivers in the World | Altius Directory
  • 10 Most Important Rivers in the World | Touropia
  • The Colorado River Runs Dry | Smithsonian Magazine
  • Announcing America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2017 | American Rivers
  • Human Activities Contribute to Drying Up of Major River Headwaters | Worldwatch Institute
  • Dried Up: Lakes, Rivers, and Other Bodies of Water Disappearing Fast | April 27, 2014 - The Weather Channel
  • World's Major Rivers Drying Up | SciDevNet
    Some of the developing world's largest rivers are drying up because of climate change, threatening water supplies in some of the most populous places on Earth, say scientists.

  ---

  Lake Baikal | Wikipedia
  First Picture of Media Presentation

  ---

• River Deltas
  • River delta | Wikipedia
  • Delta | Encyclopedia Britannica
  • The Major River Deltas of the World | PDF File - 7.45MB

  

• Algal Blooms
  • What Causes Algal Blooms? | Center for Earth and Environmental Science
    Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis
  • What are Algal Blooms? | Department of Primary Industries - Australia
    • What Causes Algal Blooms?
  • Nutrient Pollution - Harmful Algal Blooms | EPA
  • Algal bloom | Wikipedia

• Underground Water Reserves
  • UN Water
    • Water Facts
  • Groundwater: A Global Assessment of Scale and Significance | PDF File (29 pages)
  • Scientists Map Vast Reserves Of Freshwater Under The Seabed | December 11, 2013 - NPR Blog
  • Huge Fresh Groundwater Reserves Found beneath Ocean Floor | December 6, 2013 - Sci-News
  • Kenya strikes huge water reserve in arid Turkana region | September 11, 2013 - Africa Review
  • Vital underground water found in arid north Kenya | September 12, 2013 - CNN
  • The Guarani Aquifer: a little known water resource in South America gets a voice | Blog - State of the Planet
  • Water Profile of Brazil | Encyclopedia of Earth
  • Groundwater resources in Brazil: a review of possible impacts caused by climate change
  • Water-rich country at risk | Brazil - Latin America Press
  • Top Ten Largest Renewable Fresh Water Supply Countries
    The map of Top Ten Countries with Largest Fresh Water available for supply in the world. Top countries include the Brazil, Russia, Canada, USA etc.
  • Glossary | | FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    • World Water Resources by Country
  • Atlas of hidden water may avert future conflict | October 24, 2008 - NewScientist
  • World over-using underground water reserves for agriculture | August 8, 2012 - Reuters

• Aquifer/Groundwater
  • Aquifer | The Encyclopedia of Earth
  • What is an Aquifer?
    Ground water moves very rapidly in fractured rock aquifers like the basalts of the eastern Snake River Plain. In such cases, the spread of contaminants can be difficult or impossible to prevent.
    • Eastern Snake Rvier Plain Aquifer - Idaho | By Doug Gellar - Emporia State University
  • Water Science School | USGS
    • Aquifers and Groundwater
    • What is a Watershed?
  • Ground Water Fundamentals | NGWA: National Groundwater Association
  • The Basics: What is Groundwater? | The Groundwater Foundation
  • Water Sources | Environment and Climate Change Canada
    • Groundwater
  • Earth Science Australia
    • Hydrologic Cycle

  • Image: Anatomy of an Aquifer: The Lower Portneuf River Valley

  ---

• Wetlands

• Difference between Mangroves and Wetlands | Yahoo! Answers

  

• 6 things you need to know about mangroves (but never thought to ask) | HumanNature - Conservation International Blog

• What is the difference between estuary, swamp, mangrove and a wetland? | Quora FORUM

• Estuaries, Salt Marshes , and Mangroves | MarineBio

• Mangrove | Wikipedia

• What are the differences between bog, swamp, marsh, and fen?
  • Wetland Types and Classifications
  • The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Pond, bog, swamp, marsh, fen--what are the differences?
  • Wetland Definitions & Classification - Wetland Environments - James S. Aber - Emporia State University
  • Wetlands | Encyclopedia of Earth
    • Mangroves

  

• Major Wetlands of the World | Panda.org

• Cattails
  • Cattails Info
    • Types of Cattails
  • Typha | Wikipedia
  • Common Cattail | Brandeis University

• MBGnet - Missouri Botanical Garden | Biomes of the World - Freshwater Ecosystems - Marine Ecosystems
  • Wetlands

• Wetland and Aquatic Research Center | USGS
  • Science

  

• Copper River Delta - Alaska | The Free Encyclopedia

• Mekong Delta | The Free Encyclopedia

• California Wetlands Portal | SFEI & The Aquatic Science Center

• WHSRN: Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network
  • List of Sites
    WHSRN brings attention to sites that are vital for the conservation of the hemisphere's longest-distance migrants.

• National Wetlands Inventory | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

• Wetlands Protection and Restoration | EPA
  
  • Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
    • Clean Water Laws, Regulations, Executive Orders | Wetlands
      Key federal statutes governing wetlands in the United States

• Wikipedia
  • Wetland
  • Wetlands of the United States
  • Wetlands of the United States by State

• HowStuffWorks "How Wetlands Work"

• How Wetlands Work - PICTURE/DIAGRAM

  ---

• NWF: National Wildlife Federation
  • What We Do To Protect Wetlands & Watersheds
  • Congress and Water Projects in America: The Latest on the Water Resources Development Act | April, 2013 - Blog

• US Army Corp of Engineers | Headquarters
  • WRDA: Water Resources Development Act | Sizing up the Corp of Engineers | PDF File - FWS

• S.601: Water Resources Development Act of 2013 | Status and Summary - PDF | Govtracks

• Signed into law June 10, 2014
  • H.R.3080: Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 | Congress.gov
  • Water Resources Development Act of 2014 | PDF download available | Govtracks

  ---

  Big Players Promote Water Privatization | August, 2014 - Truthout
  Water Privatization: Coming to a Century Old System Near You? | June, 2014 - Truthout

  ---

• Water & Agriculture

• FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
  • World Food Summit
    • AQUASTAT: FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture
      Thus AQUASTAT started, with the aim to contribute to FAO's goals through the collection, analysis and dissemination of information related to water resources, water uses and agricultural water management, with an emphasis on countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
      • Water Resources
        

• USDA: United States Department of Agriculture
  • The National Agricultural Library
    The National Agricultural Library (NAL), part of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is one of four National Libraries in the United States. NAL is a major international source for agriculture and related information. This Web site provides access to NAL's many resources and a gateway to its associated institutions.
  • NAL Catalog provides citations to agricultural literature
    • NRCS: National Resources Conservation Service
      • Plants
        • Plants Database
          The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories.
    • Water Quality Information Center
      • Wetlands

• CTIC: Conservation Technology Information Center | Purdue University
  CTIC champions, promotes and provides information on technologies and sustainable agricultural systems that conserve and enhance soil, water, air and wildlife resources and are productive and profitable.

  

• Improving Access to Water Resources and Agriculture Publications on the World Wide Web
  by Joseph R. Makuch and Ellen Hamilton

• Water: Science & Issues | Water Encyclopedia

• World Water Forums
  • 7th World Water Forum - 12-17 April 2015
  • 6th World Water Forum Home Page - 12-17 March 2012
  • 5th World Water Forum Home Page - 16-22 March 2009
  • 5th World Water Forum | World Water Conference - 16-22 March 2009 - PDF File

• World Water Council
  The World Water Council's mission is to promote awareness, build political commitment and trigger action on critical water issues at all levels, including the highest decision-making level, to facilitate the efficient conservation, protection, development, planning, management and use of water in all its dimensions on an environmentally sustainable basis for the benefit of all life on earth.

• The Water Page - Incorporating the African Water Page
  The mission of this page is to deliver information beyond just the properties of water. It is a website that covers all topics about water.
  • Water Biomes

  

• EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
  "...to protect human health and to safeguard the environment..."
  • Major Environmental Laws & Regulations
    • Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution
    • The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act | PDF Download available
  • Water Topics
    • History: Clean Water Act
    • Standards for Water Body Health
    • Agriculture

• National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 | Homeland Security
  The NEPA process provides agency decision makers and the public with an understanding of the potential environmental impacts of proposed actions.

• The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe
  • Water Resources Management

• Australian Government Department of Environment and Energy
  • The Great Barrier Reef

• Atmosphere

• UCAR: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
  UCAR serves as a hub for research, education, and public outreach for the atmospheric and related Earth sciences community.
  • Research Topics at a Glance | Research & Resources
  • NCAR: The National Center for Atmospheric Research
    
    • NCAR/Atmospheric Chemistry Division
      The overall scientific goal of ACD is to identify and quantify the natural and anthropogenic processes that regulate the chemical composition of the troposphere and middle atmosphere and to assess future changes caused by human activities.

  

• The Atmosphere: Table of Contents | Grade level 5-8
  • The History of the Atmosphere
  • Present Day Composition

• Layers of Earth's Atmosphere | Windows To The Universe

• Layers of the Atmosphere

• Composition of the Atmosphere | Climate Education for K-12 | NC State University

• How did Earth's atmosphere form? | NASA Scijinks for Kids

• The Atmosphere - Origin and Structure | Eastern Illinois University

• The Origin of Oxygen in Earth's Atmosphere | Scientific American

• Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit | National Geographic
  In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release oxygen into the water. Half of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The other half is produced via photosynthesis on land by trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants.

• How Earth Got Its Oxygen | Live Science

• The Most Important Organism | Ecology Network

• Structural Biochemistry/The Endosymbiotic Theory | Wikibooks
  The endosymbiotic theory deals with the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, two eukaryotic organelles that have bacteria characteristics.

• Evolution of the Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Energy | University of Michigan

• Life and the Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere | PDF File | by Stephen J. Mojzsis - AMNH

• Encyclopedia Britannica
  • Geologic History of Earth - Development of the Atmosphere and Oceans
  • Atmosphere
  • Evolution of the Atmosphere

  ---

• Ozone, Ozone Layer
  
  • How the Ozone Layer Works | HowStuffWorks
    When UV light hits oxygen gas, it breaks it down to two oxygen atoms. Then, when an oxygen atom meets oxygen gas it forms ozone gas.
  • How Does The Earth Protect Us From Space? | Universe Today
  • Ultraviolet Radiation: How It Affects Life On Earth | Earth Observatory - NASA
  • Ultraviolet Radiation | NSF Polar Programs UV Monitoring Network
  • Ozone Layer | Encyclopedia Britannica
  • Ozone | Ozone, UV, and Aerosal studies
    Welcome to the webpages of the ozone, aerosol and UV research group at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB).
    • Formation of ozone
  • Ozone Facts | AirNow.gov
  • Ozone and the Ozone Layer | English Online
    Articles in easy understandable english for learners
  • Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition)
    • Chapter 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere
      • Chapter 7e: The Ozone Layer
  • Wikipedia
    • Ozone
    • Ozone layer
    • Ozone-oxygen cycle

  • Air - BC Air Quality
  • Ozone Layer Protection | EPA
  • Ozone Depletion | National Geographic
  • Ozone Layer Depletion | Environment for Kids - Ducksters
  • Ask the Scientist - What is Ozone, and why is it important?
  • Ozone Facts: What is the Ozone Hole? | Ozone Hole Watch | Goddard Space Flight Center - NASA

  ---

• Soil
  • Soil Society of America
  • Geology, Rocks and Minerals | Enchanted Learning
    • Soil Layers
  • Soil for Schools | SoilNet.com
  • K-12 Soil Science Teacher Resources | Soil Biology
    Soil is full of life. It is often said that a handful of soil has more living organisms than there are people on planet Earth. Soils are the stomach of the earth, consuming, digesting, and cycling nutrients and organisms.
    • Glossary
  • Soils4kids.org
    • What is Soil?
      Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things.
    • Soil Mineralogy
      • Soil Basics | Just What is Soil?
  • Basic Soil Components | Article
    There are five basic components of soil that, when present in the proper amounts, are the backbone of all terrestrial plant ecosystems: Mineral - Water - Organic Matter - Gases - Microorganisms
  • Silicates
    • Mineralogy4Kids | Presented by the Mineralogical Society of America
      • Silicates - Mineral Groups
    • Silicate | New World Encyclopedia
    • Silicate | Wikipedia
    • Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery
      • The Silicate Class
    • The Silicate Minerals | by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. | Vision Learning
    • Silicates | University of Waterloo
    • Rocks and Minerals | rocksandminerals4u
      • What is a Mineral?
      • The Silicates - Building Blocks of The Earth's Crust
  • Soil Minerals and Plant Nutrition | The Nature Education Knowledge Project
    How do chemical reactions involving soil minerals play a crucial role in controlling the availability of essential plant nutrients?
  • Facts About Soil: What It is Made of and How It Forms | Bright Hub
  • Introduction to Earth Science | Lecture Handouts Index
    • Introduction to Clay Minerals and Soils
  • The Nature and Properties of Soils, 15th edition | by Raymond R. Weil | PDF download available | Research Gate
  • Soil Composition and Formation | Indiana University
    • Virtual CD-ROM/ Floppy Disk Library
  • Fundamentals of Soil | basic principles of tropical soils | University of Hawaii
    • Soil Composition
      The basic components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water and air.
  • Building Soils for Better Crops, 3rd Edition | Online Version FREE | SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
    • The Living Soil
      • Soil Microorganisms
  • A Soil Primer Looking Closer, Digging Deeper | Hippocrates Health Institute
  • Soil Health
    • Soils are Alive
  • How Soil is Destroyed | FAO: Corporate Document Repository
  • What types of animals live in the soil? | Soils Matter
  • Article: The Living Earth | By Clint Waltz, H. “Skip” Skipper and Bert McCarty, Clemson University
  • The secret life of soil | by Peg Herring - Oregon State University
  • Soil organism | Encyclopedia Britannica
  • Soil Science Courseware | Lectures - NCSU
    • Soil Oragnisms and Organic Matter
  • Table of Contents | Soil quality considerations in the selection of sites for aquaculture | FAO - United Nations
  • Plant Nutrition | Kids World
    • Plant Nutrients
      Sixteen chemical elements are known to be important to a plant's growth and survival. The sixteen chemical elements are divided into two main groups: non-mineral and mineral.
  • Soil biology | Wikipedia
    • Soil
      Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material.
      • Mediaviewer
    • Plant nutrition
  • Plant Nutrients in the Soil | DPI - AU
  • Understanding Soil Nutrients | PDF File (25 pages) - University of Vermont

  ---

• Climate Change
  Impact on Ecosystems || Impact on Wildlife || Impact on Plants
  Impact on Plant Insect Interaction || Impact on Agriculture || Impact on Oceans
  The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt

  ---

• NEWS:
  • How vanishing Arctic ice may set stage for extreme Nor'easters | March 23, 2018 - NBC News
    Arctic sea ice is disappearing, and some climate scientists believe the drop is fueling Nor-easters, drought and other extreme weather.
  • Approaching Day Zero | February 24, 2018 - The Week
  • Bering Sea loses half its sea ice over two weeks | February 22, 2018 - PRI
    Brettschneider said. "There's this whole cascading set of impacts that affect the entire hemisphere, and in fact the entire globe, when you heat up the Arctic."
  • Bering Sea Loses Half of its Sea Ice | Video - News Center Maine
  • 16,000 scientists sign dire warning to humanity over health of planet | November 15, 2017 - CNN
  • World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice | Published: November 13, 2017 - Journal Bioscience
  • U.S. Report Says Humans Cause Climate Change, Contradicting Top Trump Officials | November 3, 2017 - The New York Times
  • Trump administration releases report finding 'no convincing alternative explanation' for climate change | November 3, 2017 - The Washington Post
  • Massive Government Report Says Climate Is Warming And Humans Are The Cause | November 2, 2017 - NPR
  • Trump Picks Oklahoma Congressman to Head NASA | September 4, 2017 - NPR
    But when it comes to climate change, he has denied that human activities are responsible for increasing global temperatures.
  • Trump's Nominee To Be USDA's Chief Scientist Is Not A Scientist | September 4, 2017 - NPR
  • It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly | Opinion - August 28, 2017 | Michael Mann - The Guardian
    Michael Mann is distinguished professor of atmospheric science at Pennsylvania State University, director of the Penn State Earth System Science Center and author of three books, including The Hockey Stick and The Climate Wars, Dire Predictions, and The Madhouse Effect.
  • Can Anyone, Even Walmart, Stem The Heat-Trapping Flood Of Nitrogen On Farms? | August 21, 2017 - NPR
  • Human-Caused Warming Likely Led to Recent Streak of Record-Breaking Temperatures, new study finds | August 10, 2017 - AGU: American Geophysical Union
  • White House reviewing new report that finds strong link between climate change, human activity | August 7, 2017 - The Washington Post
  • Scientists Fear Trump Will Dismiss Blunt Climate Report | August 7, 2017 - The New York Times
  • U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) | The Washington Post
  • European heatwave deaths could skyrocket: climate study | August 5, 2017 - Phys.org
    "Also this week, researchers wrote in Environmental Research Letters, that rising carbon dioxide levels will dramatically cut the amount of protein in stable crops like rice and wheat in the decades to come. The new paper, said Paul Wilkinson of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, "is yet another reminder of the exposures to extreme weather and possible human impacts that might occur if emissions of greenhouse gases continue unabated."
  • Loss of Arctic sea ice impacting Atlantic Ocean water circulation system | July 31, 2017 - Science Daily
    • AMOC: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation | Encyclopedia of Earth
  • Global Warming's Great Hiatus Gets Another Debunking | June 4, 2015 | InsideClimate News

  • Trump Will Withdraw U.S. From Paris Climate Agreement | June 1, 2017 - The New York Times
    
  • World reacts to Trump's Paris climate accord withdrawl | June 2, 2017 - Aljazeera
  • Paris climate agreement: What you need to know | June 3, 2017 - Aljazeera
  • Trump's Speech on Paris Climate Withdrawl, Annotated | June 1, 2017 - NPR

  • Scott Pruit hails era of environmental deregulation in speech at coal mine | April 13, 2017 | The Guardian
  • New study shows worrisome signs for Greenland ice | April 14, 2017 | The Guardian
  • Trump's Budget Slashes Climate Change Funding | March 16, 2017 - NPR
  • Warmer Temps Speed Infectious Disease Spread | February 16, 2017 | by Brenda Goodman - WebMD
  • Trump Administration Orders EPA to Remove Its Climate Change Web Page | January 25, 2017 | Scientific American
  • Donald Trump Just Replaced the White House Climate Website With... This | January 20, 2017 - Mother Jones
    
  • Trump EPA Pick Expresses Doubts about Climate Change, Defends Oil Industry Funding | January 18, 2017 | Scientific American

  ---

• Welcome to the National Climate Assessment 2014 | Global Change.gov
  The National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future.
  • Full Report
    Global climate is changing. Most of the warming of the past half-century is due to human activities. Some types of extreme weather are increasing, ice is melting on land and sea, and sea level is rising.

• Climate Science Special Report (2017) | Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I | GlobalChange.gov
  • About this Report

• Fourth National Climate Assessment | GlobalChange.gov
  • NCA4 Vol I and II: FAQs

• U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) - 2017 | PDF File (545 pages)

• U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) | The Washington Post
  The Washington Post obtained the third draft of the report, shown here. The current draft at the White House is the fifth draft, but people familiar with both versions say there is no substantive difference.

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• Schwarzenegger unveils initiative to tweak Trump on climate | 08/04/17 - Politico

• R20 Regions of Climate Action
  • R20 Mission
    To help sub-national governments around the world to develop and communicate low-carbon and climate resilient economic development projects.

• R20 Regions of Climate Action | Wikipedia

• NCEL: National Caucus of Environmental Legislators

  

• IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

• Climate Change | UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme

• EEA: European Environment Agency
  • Climate Change Adaptation
  • Climate Change Mitigation

• Climate Change | WHO: World Health Organization

• Climate Change | IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature

• NASA, NOAA Data Show 2016 Warmest Year on Record Globally | NASA

• NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
  • Climate
    • Resource Collections
      • Climate Education Resources
      • Climate change impacts

• Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 | NASA

• Nasa carbon space observatory 'watches Earth breathe' | Oct. 13, 2017 - BBC

• How NASA tracks carbon emissions from space to better understand — and deal with — climate change | Oct. 12, 2017 - Los Angeles Times

• Climate Information | National Center for Environmental Information - NOAA

  

• Climate Change | USGS

• Classroom Resources | NCSE: National Center for Science Education
  • Climate Change 101
  • Teaching Climate Change: Best Practices

• PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  • Perception of climate change | March 29, 2012 - Hansen et al - FULL TEXT - PNAS
  • Communicating the deadly consequences of global warming for human heat stress | Abstract - PNAS
  • Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events | March 10, 2017 - FULL TEXT - PNAS
  • Spatial heterogeneity of climate change as an experiential basis for skepticism | October 20, 2016 | Abstract - PNAS

  

• What the Weather Doesn't Tell You | by Marlene Cimons - NexusMedia

• Yale Program on Climate Change Communication

• Climate Change Communication | George Mason University

• Theoretical and Applied Climatology | Journal Articles - Springer
  • Learning from mistakes in climate research | November 2016 - FULL TEXT - PDF download available
    Long list of references

• Content tagged "climate basics" | extension.org

• RealClimate - Climate science from climate scientists | A moderated forum
  RealClimate is a commentary site on climate science by working climate scientists for the interested public and journalists. We aim to provide a quick response to developing stories and provide the context sometimes missing in mainstream commentary.

• Climate Change | Article - National Geographic KIDS

• Environment & Society Portal
  The Environment & Society Portal is a gateway to open access resources on the human-environment relationship
  • Search Results for Climate Change | Environment & Society Portal

• A Hotter Planet, A Hungrier World | Article - June 5, 2017 - Mercy Corps
  "The impacts of climate change on agriculture, and the implications for food security are alarming," Selvaraju Ramasamy (a climate change officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)) says. "In many regions, agriculture and food production are already being adversely affected by increased temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns."

• Is Global Warming Really Slowing Down? | August 28, 2013 - Mother Jones

• Environmental Defense Fund
  • Climate: Securing a cleaner future

• Biological Impacts of Climate Change | PDF File (9 pages) - University of Omaha
  Authors: John P. McCarty, L. LaReesa Wolfenbarger, James A. Wilson

• Impacts of Global Warming on the Environment | UCAR: University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
  • Evaluating the Effects of Future Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surges Along U.S. Coastlines | Press

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• Impact of Climate Change on Ecosystems
  • Climate change may bring big ecosystem changes | NASA
  • Climate Impacts on Ecosystems | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
  • Ecosystems and Global Climate Change | Summary - Download Entire Report - C2ES: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
  • Climate changes effects plunder the planet | EDF: Environmental Defense Fund
  • Impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services | BirdLife International
  • Marine problems: Climate Change | WWF: World Wild Fund
  • Science Highlights: Ecological Effects of Climate Change | NCEAS: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
  • Ecological Impacts of Climate Change (2008) | NAS: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine
  • Climate Change Affects Biodiversity | Article - January 19, 2014 - Global Issues
  • Ecosystem Responses to Global Climate Change: Moving Beyond Color Mapping | Bioscience - Oxford Academy
  • The impact of global climatic changes on the aquatic environment | PDF Download Available - Science Direct
  • IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
    The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard for how we assess the conservation status of ecosystems.
    • Red List of Ecosystems
  • Climate changes already having major effects on ecosystems, species | Arizona State University
  • Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Plos Collections
  • Climate Change and Species Distribution | August 5, 2008 - Science Daily
  • Climate change impacting most species on Earth, even down to their genomes | April 5, 2017 - The Guardian
    Three recent studies point to just how broad, bizarre, and potentially devastating climate change is to life on Earth. And we've only seen one degree Celsius of warming so far.

• Forests - Ecosystems
  • Effects of Global Warming | National Geographic
    • Deforestation Facts, Information, and Effects
      Forests cover about 30% of the planet, but deforestation is clearing these essential habitats on a massive scale. What is deforestation? Find out the causes, effects, and solutions to deforestation.
    
  • !0 Deforestation Facts | Video - YouTube
    • Deforestation Effects on Climate | Video - YouTube
  • Deforestation | Active Wild
  • CIFOR: Center for International Forestry Research
    • Forests and Climate Change
      Deforestation accounts for nearly 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions - more than the world's entire transport sector. At the same time, the removal capacity of forests is decreased as forests are lost.
  • How can forests affect climate change? | Green Facts
  • How do trees and forests relate to climate change? | The Guardian

• Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife
  • IUCN SSC Guidelines for Assessing Species' Vulnerability to Climate Change | PDF File (127 pages) | IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
  • IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
    The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard for how we assess the conservation status of ecosystems.
    • Red List of Ecosystems
  • Global Warming | NWF: National Wildlife Federation
    • Effects on Wildlife and Habitat
    
  • Effects of Climate Change | WWF: World Wildlife Fund
    • Polar Bear
  • Wildlife and Climate Change | Climate Change Resource Center - U.S. Forest Service
  • Climate Adaptation Strategy | National fish, wildlife, & plants
  • Search Results for: impact of climate change on wildlife | NASA
    • Probing the Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife, Ecosystems
  • Climate Change Poses Challenges to Plants and Animals | State of the Planet - Earth Insitute - Columbia University
  • Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals | Wikipedia
    • Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity
  • IPCC Report: climate impacts on wildlife | The Guardian
    Plants, animals and entire ecosystems are on the move as rising temperatures force species to seek out cooler climes
    • Climate change: global reshuffle of wildlife will have huge impacts on humanity
  • Climate Change and Wildlife Health: Direct and Indirect Effects | PDF File - USGS
  • Climate Change & Wildlife | The Wildlife Trusts - UK
  • Effects on Wildlife and Habitat | NWF: National Wildlife Federation
    • Witnessing Wildlife and Climate Out of Sync | Blog - Anne Bolen - March 17, 2017
  • 7 Species Hit Hard by Climate Change-Including One That's Already Extinct | April 2, 2014 - National Geographic
  • How Climate Change Will Impact Animals | Article - TIME Magazine

  ---

• Impact of Climate Change on Plants
  • Plant growth and climate change | Article from Annals of Botany | NLM - NIH
  • Plants have unexpected response to climate change | August 8, 2014 - Science Magazine
  • Crops and Climate: Plants Will Suffer as Earth Warms (Op-Ed) | June 10, 2015 - LiveScience
  • Plant Phenology and Climate Change | Project BudBurst
    • About
  • Climate Change is Leaving Native Plants Behind | John Upton - Climate Central
  • Global warming may affect the capacity of trees to store carbon, study finds | May 25, 2011 - Phys.org
  • Global Warming Effects on Trees | Subtle Energies
    An article in the Fall 1995 Earth Island Journal by Charles E. Little claims that "America's Trees Are Dying". Here is the introduction for that article.
  • How do trees and forests relate to climate change? | The Guardian
    • The Ultimate Climate Change FAQ
  • CO2 Effects on Plants Increase Global Warming | Carnegie Institution for Science
    • Incomplete Drought Recovery May Be the New Normal
  • Plants and Climate Change: Which Future? | BGCI: Botanic Gardens Conservation International
    • Plants and Climate Change: Which Future? | PDF File (98 pages)
  • Climate Change Impacts: Vegetation | Martin T. Sykes - Wiley Online Library
  • Science for Environment Policy | PDF File - European Commission
  • How Plants Could Impact Global Warming | State of the Planet - Earth Institute - Columbia University
  • Effects of climate change on arctic vegetation | PDF File

  ---

• Impact of Climate Change on Plant Insect Interaction
  • A World Without Pollinators is A World Without Plants | Windstar Wildlife Institute
  • Ecology: Pollinator-Plant Synchrony Tested by Climate Change | Current Biology - ScienceDirect
  • Climate change and its effects on terrestrial insects and herbivory patterns | Article - Neotropical Entomology - SciElo
  • Articles -NLM- NIH
    • Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions
    • Physiological effects of climate warming on flowering plants and insect pollinators and potential consequences for their interactions
  • Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions
  • Studying Plant-Pollinator Interactions in a Changing Climate: A Review of Approaches
    Applications in Plant Sciences - Botanical Society of America - BioOne
  • Climate Change: Bees and Orchids Lose Touch | ScienceDirect
  • Insect Disturbance and Climate Change | U.S. Forest Service - USDA
  • Climate change effects on beneficial plant-microorganism interactions | Wiley Online Library
  • Climate Change: Resetting Plant-Insect Interactions | PDF File - Update on Climate Change - Nabity Lab
  • Impacts of climate change at high latitudes on terrestrial plants and invertebrates | PDF File
  • Community shifts under climate change: Mechanisms at multiple scales | American Journal of Botany
  • Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective | PDF File - Ecology Letters
  • Why Worry About Mutualisms and Climate Change? | PDF File - Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation
  • New study reveals impact of climate change on pollination | June 10, 2016 - Down To Earth
  • Insects, Trees, and Climate: The Bioacoustic Ecology of Deforestation and Entomogenic Climate Change | MutaMorphosis
  • Changing Ecosystems and Climate: Impact on Animal, Plant, & Human Health | PDF File - University of Maine

  ---

  On the Science/Bio page is a section on Coevolution of Insects and Plants.

  ---

• Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture
  • Coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food and nutritional security
    FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  • Agriculture and climate change | EEA: European Environment Agency
  • The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture | PDF File (64MB) | USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • How will Climate Change Affect Agriculture? | PDF File | CFARE: The Council on Food, Agricultural & Resource Economics
  • Agriculture | National Climate Assessment - 2014
    The National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future.
    • Our Changing Climate | Full Report
      A team of more than 300 experts guided by a 60-member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences.
    • An Introduction to Our Changing Climate
  • Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
  • Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture | Climate Education for K12 - NCSU
  • Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Forestry | Climate Change Service - Copernicus - Europe's eyes on Earth
  • Climate Change & Agriculture | University of Reading
  • Climate Change Effects on Insects and Pathogens | PDF File | PAN: Pesticide Action Network
  • Climate change and agriculture | Wikipedia
  • How will climate change affect food production? | September 19, 2012 - The Guardian
  • Gauging the impact of climate change on U.S. agriculture | July 7, 2016 - MIT News

  ---

• Nitrogen's Effect on Climate
  • Global Nitrogen: Cycling out of Control | Article - NCBI - NIH
  • The Changing Nitrogen Cycle | UCAR Center for Science Education
  • Fertilizer use responsible for increase in nitrous oxide in atmosphere | April 2, 2012 - News - UC Berkeley
  • New science reveals agriculture's true climate impact | April 10, 2012 - Grist
  • The role of nitrogen in climate change and the impacts of nitrogen-climate interactions in the United States | Springer
  • Fertilizer produces far more greenhouse gas than expected | June 9, 2014 - ScienceNews
  • Fertilizers, a Boon to Agriculture, Pose Growing Threat to U.S. Waterways | July 27, 2017 - The New York Times
  • Nitrogen Pollution Likely to Increase Under Climate Change | Scientific American
    Human-made nitrogen now affects even isolated waterways, presaging a world where humanity drives the natural cycle of this vital nutrient.
  • How Much Fertilizer is Too Much for the Climate? | June 9, 2014 - MSU News
  • Fertilizers, Climate Change and Enhancing Agricultural Productivity Sustainably | PDF File - International Fertilizer Industry Association
  • Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen | PDF FILE - PNAS
  • Agriculture's Role On Global Warming | Arcadia Bioscience
  • Nitrous Oxide Increase in the Atmosphere Due to Fertilizer Use in Agriculture | April 30, 2012 - Decoded Science
  • Fertilizer | Wikipedia

  ---

• Impact of Climate Change on Oceans
  • Chapters 12 and 13 of the U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) discuss key issues connected with sea level rise and ocean changes, including ocean acidification, and their potential effects on the United States.

  • Sea Level Rise: What It Is, Why It Matters, and What Can Be Done? | 09/13/17 | by John Hawthorne
  • Satellites show warming is accelerating sea level rise | February 12, 2018 - by Seth Borenstein - Seattle Times
    Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of sea level rise, new satellite research shows.
  • Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef | April 18, 2018 - NPR
  • Low oxygen levels, coral bleaching getting worse in oceans | January 5, 2018 - by Seth Borenstein - Seattle Times
    Global warming is making the world's oceans sicker, depleting them of oxygen and harming delicate coral reefs more often, two studies show.
  • Low oxygen levels, coral bleaching getting worse in oceans | January 4, 2018 - aboutcivil.org
  • Ocean Impacts of Climate Change | Video - National Geographic
    How is climate change affecting fragile coral reef ecosystems?
  • How does climate change affect coral reefs? | National Ocean Service - NOAA
  • 5 ways climate change is affecting our oceans | EDF: Environmental Defense Fund
  • Is Global Warming Really Slowing Down? | August 28, 2013 - Mother Jones
    → Visualization of where excess heat trapped within the climate system ends up. →
  • Five Effects of Climate Change on the Ocean | Conservation International
  • Climate Change Indicators: Oceans | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
  • The Ocean and Climate Change | The Ocean Foundation
  • Feature Stories: Climate, Fisheries, and Protected Resources | NOAA Fisheries
  • Climate Change and the Global Ocean | Video - NASA
    • Global Climate Change
    • Video: Oceans of Climate Change
      Oceanographer Josh Willis discusses the heat capacity of water, performs an experiment to demonstrate heat capacity using a water balloon and describes how water's ability to store heat affects Earth's climate.
  • The Ocean and Climate Change | PDF File | IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
  • Feature: climate change and the world's oceans | United Nations
  • ICP-18 Examines Effects of Climate Change on Oceans | May 23, 2017 - IISD
  • Oceans and Marine Resources | National Climate Assessment 2014
  • Ocean Acidification Will Make Climate Change Worse | August 26, 2013 - TIME Magazine
  • How climate change alters ocean chemistry | World Ocean Review
  • Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems | Review - ScienceDirect
  • Staggering Decline In Deep-Sea Marine Life Expected By 2100 Due To Climate Change | December 31, 2013 - International Science Times
  • As Ocean Warms, the Impacts Multiply (Op-Ed) | October 5, 2013 - LiveScience
  • What If the Ocean's Climate-Controlling 'Conveyor Belt' Came to a Halt? | April 12, 2018 - LiveScience
  • Ocean currents affect how climate change impacts movements of species to cooler regions | May 24, 2017 - Phys.org
  • Marine problems: climate change | WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature
  • Effects of global warming | Wikipedia
    • Effects of global warming on oceans

• Climate.gov | NOAA
  NOAA Climate.gov is a source of timely and authoritative scientific data and information about climate.

• GlobalChange.gov | U.S. Global Change Research Program
  • Climate Change
  • Introduction to Our Changing Climate
    • Changes in Hurricanes
  • National Climate Assessment and Development Advisory Committee

• Kenneth Kunkel | National Climate Assessment, Climate Extremes Research
  As Lead Scientist for technical support of the National Climate Assessment, he led the development of a nine-part NOAA Technical Report series published in 2013, to support the development of the Third National Climate Assessment.

• Climate | World Resources Institute

• A Discussion on Climate Change: Evidence and Causes | The Royal Society and the National Academy of Sciences
  The U.S. National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society released Climate Change: Evidence & Causes, a new publication produced jointly by the two institutions, on February 27, 2014 at an event hosted by Miles O'Brien of the PBS Newshour.
  • The Booklet: PDF File (3.69MB)

• Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices | PDF Download available - The National Academies: Sciences, Engineering, Medicine
  The National Research Council is pleased to present this booklet in three parts that (1) summarizes the current state of knowledge about climate change; (2) explains some impacts expected in this century and beyond; and (3) examines how science can help inform choices about managing and reducing the risks posed by climate change.

• Climate Change: evidence and causes | The Royal Society
  • Learn about the sources of human-emitted greenhouse gases
    Learn about the ice ages -- Learn more about other human causes of climate change

• NCSE: National Council for Science and the Environment
  The National Council for Science and the Environment (NCSE) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the scientific basis for environmental decisionmaking.
  • National Research Council Releases New Booklet and Video on Climate Change | July 9, 2012

• Global Climate Change | NASA
  • The Consequences of Climate Change
  • How Do We Know - Evidence - Facts
  • Scientific Consensus
    Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that 97 percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities.
  • Climate KIDS

• The Impact of Climate Change on Natural Disasters | Earth Observatory - NASA

• NASA creates incredible video to illustrate the role of CO2 in climate change around the world | Daily Kos
  • NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2 | Video - YouTube

• Global Warming and Extreme Weather - How is Climate Change Impacting Weather-Related Events? | NWF: National Wildlife Federation

• Is Global Warming Linked to Severe Weather? | Union of Concerned Scientists
  As Earth warms, powerful storms are becoming the new normal

• Climate Change | The Nature Conservancy
  • Climate Change Threats and Solutions

  

• The impacts of climate change of river flood risk at the global scale | March 4, 2014 - Springer

• Harvey Is What Climate Change Looks Like | August 28, 2017 - Eric Holthaus | Politico Magazine

• What if Global Warming Continues? 6 Ways Climate Change Could Affect Weather Patterns | Newsmax

• Global Warming and Hurricanes | GFDL: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
  An Overview of Current Research Results - August 30, 2017

• Global Warming Science | Union of Concerned Scientists

• Climate Change | The World Bank

• Climate Change | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
  • Climate Change: Basic Information | EPA

• Evidence for global warming | Skeptical Science

• Climate Change Basics - Climate Change 101 | David Suzuki Foundation

  

• Climate Change | The Canadian Encyclopedia

• Scientific opinion on climate change | Wikipedia

• What is Climate Change? | Department of Ecology - State of Washington
  • FAQ: Frequently asked questions about climate change

• Stanford Solar Center
  • Global Warming FAQs

• Climate | EcoWatch

• Climate Change | Weather Underground

• Climate Change | April 19, 2011 - Earth Times
  • Climate NEWS

• Climate Change - Environment | National Geographic
  • Climate Change - Education - Encyclopedia

  

• Climate Change | Nature

• Climate and Environment | The New York Times
  • 9 Takeaways from the National Climate Report | August 8, 2017
  • Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change | Updated: July 6, 2017

• Climate Change NEWS | The Guardian

• Climate Change: Pictures, Videos, Breaking News | Huffington Post
  • Federal Scientists' Startling Climate Report Released Before Trump Can Bury It | August 7, 2017

• International Permafrost Association -- IPA

• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
  • Endangered Species Home Page
  • Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest

  

• Alaska Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

• Scott Polar Research Institute
  • Picture Library Database
  • Libraries | Browse by Country
  • Polar Museums Directory | Browse by Country
    This directory provides brief details of museums with collections relating to the Arctic and Antarctic.

• Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center | Ohio State University

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  "Vast methane plumes escaping from the seafloor" discovered in Siberian Arctic Sea | July 28, 2014 - The Daily Kos
  Vast methane 'plumes' seen in Arctic ocean as sea ice retreats | December 13, 2011 - The Independent

  Grist - A Beacon in the Smog | Environmental News, Commentary, Advice
  Secret funding helped build vast network of climate denial think tanks | Suzanne Goldenberg
  Trump's pick for agriculture secretary believes you can pray drought away. | Katie Herzog
  Pesticides are blowing into California's mountains, poisoning frogs | John Upton

  Accumulation of Pesticides in Pacific Chorus Frogs from California's Sierra Nevada Mountains
  USGS Western Ecological Research Center

  ---

  Performing a GOOGLE IMAGE search on air water pollution could be both disturbing and educational.
  More resources on pollution can be found at Environment|Conservation|Endangered Species.

  There is a separate page on The Bottled Water Industry.

MAPS/Geography

• National Geographic Society
  • National Geographic Bee
  • Rishi Nair of Florida Wins 2016 National Geographic Bee and $50,000 College Scholarship | June 3, 2016

  

• Cartography and Geographic Information Society

• Worldpress.org | Map of the World | Regions of the World
  → Click image to the right for larger version ... →

• World Map - Political - Physical | Geology.com

• World History for the Relaxed Historian
  • History Map Archive

• Mathematics of Cartography | by Cynthia Lanius
  → Mathematics of Planet Earth 2013
  Dozens of scientific societies, universities, research institutes, and foundations all over the world have banded together to dedicate 2013 as a special year for the Mathematics of Planet Earth.

• Wikipedia
  • Geography
  • The World Geodetic System

• The History of Cartography Project
  The History of Cartography Project is a research, editorial, and publishing venture drawing international attention to the history of maps and mapping.

• History of Maps and Cartography | by James S. Aber

• Travel the World: Cartography | Wakanow Travel
  Thanks to Tracy Haynes

• Getting There by Car, Boat, or Plane: A Guide to Maps
  Thanks to Susie Post and her student Alejandro of Colorado Tutors.

• GIS Manual: Elements of Cartographic Style
  Harvard University Graduate School of Design

• KML: Keyhole Markup Language | Wikipedia

• Creating KML Files
  This tutorial covers the basics of creating KML files. We will be using Google Earth to create KML files containing points, lines, and polygons, the three basic geometries involved in vector-based GIS.

• United Nations Cartographic Section - Department of Field Support
  • Dag Hammarskjold Library - Map Library
    The Map Collection houses over 80,000 maps, some 3,000 atlases, gazetteers, travel guides, reference works and digital products.

  

• Stanford Geological Survey Collection
  • Branner Earth Sciences Library and Map Collections

• Government & Geographic Information and Data Services | Northwestern University Library

• Geology Digital Photographs

• Countries of the World
  Twenty-nine years of CIA World Fact Books

• Library of Congress Map Collections Home Page

• Alexandria Digital Library
  • How to Search
  • By Subject
  • By Title

• The Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection
  This growing collection contains more than 250,000 maps world-wide from the University of Texas, Austin.

• The Ryhiner Project
  The Ryhiner map collection is one of the most valuable and outstanding collections of the world. It consists of more than 16,000 maps, charts, plans and views from the 16th to the 18th century, covering the whole globe.

• NOAA's Online Chart Viewer

• World by Map: Statistics, Maps and Charts

• Charts & Maps | World Resources Institute

• World Climate
  Climate data and sunrise/sunset displayed in charts and tables for 149 countries and regions, more than 12,000 specific locations.
  • World Climate Maps

• World Aviation Maps and Charts
  These charts are jointly produced by the military of USA, Canada, Australia and Britian.

• The WWW Virtual Library: International Affairs Resources: Maps and Earth Images

• U.S. Census Data
  Doing a search on "maps" returned about 154,000 items.
  • MAPS and Mapping Resources - Geography

• Geography | Awesome Library

• Geographic.org
  Geography, climate, countries, Maps, Flags, Population

  

• Quick Maps of the World
  Flags, Maps Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources

• World Map | Mapsofworld
  • Map of Top Ten Largest Countries in Africa by Area
  • What is the Largest Country in Africa?
  • What is the Largest Country in Africa?

• BlatantWorld - stuff we should know about
  • The Largest Countries in Africa

• Webwombat - Class Mate - World Flags
  • World Flag Database: Site Map

• The Flag of the United States
  • The Flags of the United States of America

• The Map Guide
  Map links to World, Country and more maps

• MapQuest - Driving Directions

• National Digital Map Library
  The National Digital Map Library is a collection of digital maps created at the Geospatial and Statistical Center using public domain data sets in 2001.

• Geography Departments Worldwide
  Welcome to the searchable database of Geography Departments around the world! As of May 1st, 2012 there are links to 1187 Departments in 97 Countries of which 938 have already signed the "Add Department Form" and thus can be searched by Country, Keyword and Researchfields.

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