• 13 Turtle-ly Awesome Photos for World Turtle Day
• Celebrating Hard-Working Animal Moms
• The color of summer: Wildflowers on public lands
• 13 Remarkable Trees to See on Public Lands | Blog
• 11 Things You Didn't Know about Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks | Blog
• 21 Excellent Side Trips for Your Next National Park Visit | Blog

• Reorganization of The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
  • BOEM: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
    • Ocean Science
      Ocean Science is the science and technology journal of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM).
• Summer in America's Great Outdoors | Pictures contributed by 'we, the people' | YouTube
• Search Results for: DOI 'This Week at Interior' VIDEOs

• National Climate Change Viewer | Climate Research and Development Program
• Climate and Land Use Change
• Astrogeology Science Center
  • MAPS
• Education Resources
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• FAQs
• USGS: Maps, Imagery & Publications | Archived: April 13, 2016
• Science Topics
  The U.S. Geological Survey maintains this registry of Earth and Environmental Science Internet resources as a service to the research community.
  
• USGS Publications Warehouse
  The Pubs Warehouse provides access to over 150,000 publications written by USGS scientists over the century-plus history of the bureau.

• Afghanistan Geological Survey
• Ministry of Mines & Petroleum

• Sciences
  • Geology

• Geology for Kids, The Study of our Earth
  An in-depth online geology textbook written for kids.
• Volcanism

• Earth Science Links

• One Geology Kids - What is Geology?
• Showcase
  See here how geological map data can be transformed to help society more efficiently use our planet's natural resources, how it can be used to predict and mitigate hazards and how understanding geology is critical to our health and our wealth. Links to examples of the best uses of digital geological map data on the web worldwide.

• SITE MAP

• Geology Topics
  • Geology Basics

• Classroom Resources
• Earth's Mantle

• Inside Geology
  "Want to learn more about basic concepts in geology? Curious about a recent geologic event? Interested in studying a subject in depth? The following chapters will link you to numerous topical class lectures, Web sites, references, news items, organizations, and glossaries."

• Teaching Entry-Level Geoscience
• The Math You Need When You Need It
  Math tutorials for students in introductory geosciences
• Student Resources | Math in a geoscience context
• On the Cutting Edge | NAGT: National Association of Geoscience Teachers
  • About the On the Cutting Edge Program
    The On the Cutting Edge Professional Development Program for Geoscience Faculty brings together workshops, websites, and research activities to support high-quality undergraduate geoscience education.

• OpenGeoSci
  • About OpenGeoSci

• History of Geology

• History of Geology | Correlating Earth's History
  - Lecture Notes by Paul R. Janke

• ESP: Electronic Scholarly Publishing
  The ESP site is dedicated to the electronic publishing of scientific and other scholarly materials.
  • Digital Books
    • Principles of Geology Volumes 1 - 3, by Sir Charles Lyell
• ManyBooks.net - Free E-Books
  • Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell - Free E-Book
• Free ebooks - Project Gutenberg
  Project Gutenberg offers over 40,000 free ebooks: choose among free epub books, free kindle books, download them or read them online.
  • A Manual of Elementary Geology by Charles Lyell
  • Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell
• Internet History Sourcebook Project | Fordham University
  The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. | Paul Halsall, Editor
  • Charles Lyell: Principles of Geology III & IV
• Charles Lyell | Wikipedia

• Principles of Geology
  Often called the most important scientific book ever, Charles Lyell‘s Principles of Geology published in three volumes from 1830-33, shook prevailing views of how Earth had been formed.

• Science Channel: Space, Technology, Engineering, Earth Science | Videos
  • 100 Greatest Discoveries in Earth Science - Videos
  • What The Ancients Knew | Videos

• 100 Greatest Discoveries | infocobuild

• 100 Greatest Discoveries - Earth Sciences | Documentaries - Cosmolearning

• How The Earth Was Made | Season One - Full Episodes | OV Guide
  • How The Earth Was Made | Season Two - Full Episodes

• "Secrets of the Earth" | by The Weather Channel | 34 Videos - YouTube
  Secrets of the Earth" explores our planet with the same sense of awe and wonder normally reserved for alien worlds. Computer graphics, visual analogies and a recurring cast of expert scientists combine to reveal new aspects of the world you think you know, from canyons of gravity that warp space and time to rain triggered by cosmic rays.

• Sciences | The Video Project
  Our mission is to distribute the very best in educational media and documentary programming on critical environmental, global and social issues to the widest possible audience worldwide, including colleges, schools, libraries, businesses, religious groups, government agencies and non-governmental organizations.

• Geological History of Earth | Geologic Time Scale | Earth Science | Outline of Earth Sciences | Outline of Geology
  History of Geology | Historical Geology | History of Geography | Physical Geography

• Australia: Life Explodes

• What are Microbial Mats? | NASA
• Life and Rocks May Have Co-Evolved on Earth | Smithsonian.com
• Science Documentary 2016 | Life's Rocky Start | Video 1:28 - YouTube
• Stromatolites - The longest living organisms on Earth
• Stromatolites | Indiana University
• Stromatolites - The Oldest Fossils | Virtual Fossil Museum
• Stromatolite | Wikipedia

• What is Geology? What does a Geologist Do?
• Geology and Earth Science Terms and Definitions
• Astronomy Articles, Images, Information and Research
• Geology and Earth Science Articles by Category
• Mineral Uses, Properties, Descriptions
  • What are Minerals? | What are Mineral Properties?
  • Rare Earth Elements and Their Uses
  • How Do Diamonds Form?
• Geological Time Scale - A Time Line for the Geolgical Sciences
  
  Printable PDF Graph of Geologic Time

• Journals
  • Geology
    The journal Geology publishes timely, innovative, and provocative articles relevant to its international audience, representing research from all fields of the geosciences.
• Education & Careers

• Climate Change
  This link no longer works. What you can do, however, is retrieve the page: 404, and then do a search for climate change.

• Education and Public Engagement
  • Shaping the Planets: Volcanism
• Resources
  • Collections
    • Lunar Map Catalog
      • USGS Geologic Atlas of the Moon

• Where did the Moon come from? | by Katie Silver - June 16, 2015

• The Origin of the Moon

• Online Astronomy E-Text: Table of Contents
  • The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System
  • The Origin of the Moon

• It's Official: Water Found on the Moon | September 23, 2009
• Moon Water Discovery Hints at Mystery Source Deep Under Ground | August 27, 2013

• Geology of the Moon: Chapter 4
  "The importance of the Moon in studying the principles of geology is that it provides an insight into the basic mechanics of planetary evolution and events that occurred early in the solar system."
• Geology of Mars: Chapter 6

• Maybe Mars Seeded Earth's Life, Maybe It Didn't | August 29, 2013 - Scientific American Blog
• 'We are all Martians': Chemist's otherworldly claim stirs debate | August 28, 2013 - NBC News
• Earth Life Likely Came From Mars - August 27, 2013 - Space.com

• Microbiology News

• Life in a Pond: The Under Water Ecosystem

• The Smallest Page on the Web

• Organisms that thrive in Arctic sea ice

• What is an Extremophile?

• Chilean extremophile bacteria thrive in Mars-like conditions | By Matt Ford, March 5, 2009 - arstechnica
  New extremophile organisms have been found high in the Atacama desert
• Microbial Oasis Discovered Beneath The Atacama Desert | February 16, 2012 - Science Daily

• Metal | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Metals List of Elements | List of all elements considered to be metals | ThoughtCO
• SteeLog - A Metallurgical Dictionary - All Metals & Forge
  SteeLog is a metallurgical dictionary on more than 5,000 terms used in the metals and metalworking industries.
• Boundless Chemistry
  • Metalic Crystals
    Metallic crystals are held together by metallic bonds, electrostatic interactions between cations and delocalized electrons.
• The Structure of Crystals - Animation | King's College
  
  • Simple Cubic Metal | Includes Animation
• Fabrication of crystals from single metal atoms | Nature
  Metal nanocrystals offer new concepts for the design of nanodevices with a range of potential applications.
• Structures of Metals | University of Washington
• NDT Education Resources
  • General Materials Classification
    • Metals
      • Solid State Structure
      • Primary Metalic Crystaline Structures
        As pointed out on the previous page [link above], there are 14 different types of crystal unit cell structures or lattices found in nature.
• The Structure of Metals | Bodner Research Labs - Purdue University
  • Unit Cells

• What is the difference between a mineral and a metal? | Quora FORUM

• How Minerals Form | PDF File
• How do minerals form in our earth? | UCSB Science Line
• High School Earth Science/Formation of Minerals | Wikibooks

• List of Minerals
• Mineralogy
  Mineralogy is a mixture of chemistry, materials science, physics and geology.
• History of mineralogy

• Minerals A-Z

• Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

• FAQ: Collector's Corner
  • General - FAQ
    • How Do Crystals Form?
• American Mineralogist -- An International Journal of Earth and Planetary Material
  Our mission is ... to provide readers with reports on original scientific research, both fundamental and applied, with far reaching implications and far ranging appeal.

• Links to Mineral Data

• Index | Berkeley
  • What is a Gem?
  • Where do Gems form? & Where are they found?
  • Diamonds and Diamond Simulants
    The explanation is found in the fact that in diamond the carbon atoms are linked together into a three-dimensional network whereas in graphite, the carbon atoms are linked into sheets with very little to hold the sheets together (thus the sheets slide past each other easily, making a very soft material).
  • Transmission of Light - Color in Minerals
    • Further Description - Basic Concepts
  • Alphabetical Mineral Reference

• Crystals and Mathematics | PDF File | by Gert-Martin Greuel
  A historical outline of the interaction between two disciplines
• Physical Properties of Crystal Structures - Part 1 | VIDEO Lectures - MITOPENCOURSEWARE
• Unit Cells | Purdue University
• All About Crystals | Mineralogy4kids
  • Crystal Systems
  
• How Do Crystals Form & Grow? | Geology
• Basic Crystal Concepts
• Crystal Lattice and Unit Cell | Video - YouTube
  Included on page are other videos on crystals.
• Cubic Unit Cells and their Origins | YouTube
• Crystal | Wikipedia
  • Crystal system
  • Crystal structure
    • Bravais lattice
• Crystalline Structures | Crystal Lattice Structures | PDF File
• How many types of crystals are there? | Reference.com
  • How do geologists classify crystal structures?
• Types of Crystals | Lumen
• Science Activity: Growing Crystals | Mr. Thackwrays Science Unit
• How to Grow the Best Crystals | Scientific American
• Minerals, Crystals, and Gems | Smithsonian Education
• Crystallography Now | Oswego - State University of New York
  "In what follows I provide a brief description and rigorous classification of the seventeen planar crystallographic groups (also known as wallpaper patterns)."
• Types of Crystals | ThoughtCo

• Geologic Time - Dating Techniques | Tulane University
  "Prior to the late 17th century, geologic time was thought to be the same as historical time."
• How Do Geologists Know How Old a Rock Is? | Utah Geological Survey
• How Old is That Rock? | NASA-sponsored classroom of the future
• An Essay on Radiometric Dating by Jonathan Woolf
• Radioactive Dating by Frank Steiger
• Radiometric Dating Methods by Sean D. Pitman, M.D.
• Radiometric dating | Wikipedia

• Marine Life
  • MarineBio Species Database: Search

• Glossary of Marine Biology

• Image Gallery | Spectacular Pictures of Bizarre Creatures

• How Deep is the Ocean?

• Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
• Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute

• International Ocean Discovery Program
• Janus Web Database -- Marine Geoscience Data
  The database includes paleontological, lithostratigraphic, chemical, physical, sedimentological, and geophysical data for ocean sediments and hard rocks.

• National Ocean Service
  • Ocean Facts
  • What does an oceanographer do?

• X-ray study reveals new details of how burrowing sea creatures shape geology | October 14, 2015
• New technique offers clues to measure the deoxygenation of the ocean | August 9, 2017 - Science Daily

• IMAGE of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt

• The Global Conveyor Belt

• Gyre
• IMAGES | A summary of the path of the thermohaline circulation

• What is Seawater Made of? | Painting by Karen Carr
  For Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Sant Oceans Hall
• Seawater, Major Constitutents | Encyclopedia.Com
• Seawater | Wikipedia
• Seawater Chemistry | East Carolina University
• Welcome to Marine Science by Genny Anderson
  • Table of Contents
    • Seawater
      • Seawater Composition
• Chemical Composition of Seawater; Salinity and the Major Constituents | PDF File - 7.92mb | Chemical Oceanography
• What is Happening in the Ocean? | NASA's Climate Kids

• CDIP: The Coastal Data Information Program
  The Coastal Data Information Program (CDIP) is an extensive network for monitoring waves and beaches along the coastlines of the United States.
  • Wave Measurement | CDIP
• So, Just How Are Wave Heights Measured? | NDBC - NOAA
• Oceanography Index | Seafriends
  • Oceanography: waves
    Theory and principles of waves, how they work and what causes them.
• Wave height | Wikipedia

• Moving Slabs - Plate Map

→ Click image to the right for larger version ... →

• Earth History

• Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography | Video (12 minutes) YouTube
  240 million years ago to 250 million years into the future
• Tectonics of Planet Earth (educational video) | YouTube
• Plate Tectonics Basics | Video (12 minutes) - YouTube
• Plate Tectonics Theory Lesson | Video (8:50) - YouTube
• The Three Types of Plate Motions | Video - YouTube

• Index of /~csmart/Observing
  • Geologic Time | PDF File (28 pages)
  • Plate Tectonics | PDF File (32 pages)

• DtatStream Ocean - Real Time Ocean Portal
• Chapter 1: The Ocean In The Earth System | Textbook

• Mid Ocean Ridges

• Ocean floor features

• Geological Makeup of Marine Environments
• The Deep Sea
  "To get an idea of how vast the ocean's depths are, consider that 79% of the entire volume of the earth's biosphere consists of waters with depths greater than 1,000 m."

• What Is Geology?

• Hydrothermal Vent Communities
  This webpage will familiarize students with a hydrothermal vent habitat. Students will learn where vents are likely to form, how they form, and how physical conditions contribute to the development of a living vent community and to its eventual demise.

• Deep Sea Vents | Articles

• Triassic period
  During the Triassic, almost all the Earth's land mass was concentrated into a single supercontinent centered more or less on the equator and spanning from pole to pole, called Pangaea ("all the land").
• Pangaea

• Plate Tectonics

• Part V: Extraterrestrial Volcanism
  In the Space Age we have discovered that volcanoes occur on most of the rocky bodies of our Solar System, and future explorations of other worlds will without doubt reveal volcanism as an important feature of planetary evolution in the universe as a whole.

• Slideshow

• How Volcanoes Work - Volcano Types
• Stratovolcanoes

• Submarine Volcanoes Group

• Caldera Volcanoes
• What is a Stratovolcano?

• Stratovolcanoes

• Research
• Introduction to Paleoseismology
• Information by Region
• Earthquake Facts
• Earthquakes
• 20 Largest Earthquakes in the World

• Tsunami Facts and Information | Australian Bureau of Meteorology
• All About Tsunamis: The Science Behind Tsunamis | PDF File | University of Utah
• How Does a Tsunami Work? | Scholastic
• Tsunami | Wikipedia

• Physical Geology Index Page
• Analysis of Fractal Geometries in the Geosciences

• FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency
• Disaster Net
  Disaster.net is a resource center for disaster preparation and relief.

• How old are the oldest rocks on Earth? | September 26, 2008 - Science Daily
• How to Build a Smarter Rock | Article - Emily Underwood | Science Magazine - AAAS - Geomorphology

• Phanerozoic - The Currrent Geologic Eon
  
• Paleoclimatology

• Paleoclimatology Data
  • Education and Outreach: Paleoclimatology Resources
  • Climate Reconstruction

• NASA Earth Observatory
  • Mission to Planet Earth - NASA Science
    NASA's Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) is dedicated to understanding the total Earth system and the effects of natural and human-induced changes on the global environment.
  • NASA Ames Earth Science Division
  • Global Change Master Directory | GCMD: Goddard Space Flight Center
    A directory of Earth Science data
    • Biome 6000: Reconstructed Biomes from Paleoecological Data
      • Paleoclimate
      • Terrestrial Hydrosphere
        • Water Quality/Water Chemistry

• Science Section
  • History of Life in Terms of Evolution, Paleobiology, Paleotology & Fossil Record

• Geological Time
  • Paleobiology with Evolution of Life across Geologic Time

• A Resource for Fossil Preparation
• A Resource for Managing Fossil Collections

• Geologic Time Scale
• Geologic Time Scale | Education - Tours
• The Ediacaran Period
• Introduction to the Vendian Period | 650-543 Million Years Ago
• Learning About The Vendian Animals

• CK-12 Life Science for Middle school
  • Geologic Time Scale
• Geologic Timeline | PDF File | Dynamic Earth
• Evolution and the History of Life on Earth | Britannica
• Early Life on Earth -- Animal Origins | National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian
• Important events in the history of life (text-only version) | Evolution Berkeley
• Timeline: The Evolution of Life | New Scientist

• BBC News - Fossils may be 'earliest animals' | by Jonathan Amos - August 18, 2010

• Ediacaran
• Ediacaran biota

• The Evolution of Man

• Gottesman Hall of Planet Earth

• UCMP Web Geologic Time Scale

• The science of natural history | videos, images, features
  Uncover the stories behind Museum specimens and collections, the fascinating work of our scientists, and our latest exhibitions.

• The Cambrian Explosion

• Huge fossil discovery made in China's Hubei province | March 24, 2019 - BBC
• Fossil Treasure Trove of Ancient Animals Unearthed in China | March 21, 2019 - Smithsonian Magazine
  The fossils from the Cambrian Period include dozens of new species and provide a window into life more than 500 million years ago.
• 'Mindblowing' haul of fossils over 500m years old unearthed in China | March 21, 2019 - The Guardian

• The Evolution of Life on Earth | Stephen J. Gould
  "The history of life is not necessarily progressive; it is certainly not predictable. The earth's creatures have evolved through a series of contingent and fortuitous events."
• The Cambrian Explosion | Wikipedia
• Origins - Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna | The Scarlet Pensive
• The Cambrian Explosion | Understanding Evolution - Berkeley
• The Cambrian Period | UCMP
• The Cambrian Explosion | The Burgess Shale
• What sparked the Cambrian explosion? | February 16, 2016 by Douglas Fox - Nature
  An evolutionary burst 540 million years ago filled the seas with an astonishing diversity of animals. The trigger behind that revolution is finally coming into focus.
• Lightning-Fast Evolution Clocked During Cambrian Explosion | September 12, 2013 by Tia Goss - LiveScience
• Cambrian Explosion | PDF File | by Joseph L. Kirschvink & Tomothy V. Raub - California Institute of Technology
• The Scientific Controversy Over the Cambrian Explosion | Center for Science and Culture/Discovery Institute, Seattle
• Phys.org -- Science News, Technology, Physics, Nanotechnology
  • NEWS tagged with Cambrian Explosion
    • Explosive growth of life on Earth fueled by early greening of planet

• Evolution for Teaching | University of Waikato
  • Plant and Animal Evolution
    "Whatever their origins, animals may have ventured onto land early in the Cambrian. Previously scientists believed that animals did not begin to colonise the land until the Silurian (440 - 410 million years ago). However, the 2002 discovery of the footprints of animals that scuttled about on sand dunes about 530 million years ago has changed this view."
• Oldest Fossil Footprints on Land | Nature
  "The oldest fossils of footprints ever found on land hint that animals may have beaten plants out of the primordial seas."
• An Introduction to Evolution - The History of Life on Earth | Thoughtco
• The Quest for Chordate Origins | Excerpt of a Lecture by Jennifer Duffy, University of Alberta
• The Strangest Cambrian Creatures Ever Discovered
• Richard Cowen -- UCD Faculty
  • History of Life -- 5th edition
    • Chapter 5: The Cambrian Explosion
      • Images of Animals: the Ediacaran and the Cambrian

• Age of Animals | Universe Review
  • Cambrian Period - 541-485 MYA
• The Cambrian Explosion | Fossil Museum
  
• Dawn of Animal Life | Miller Museum of Geology -- Queen's University, Canada
  • Eukaryotic Cells
    "Differences between plants and animals seem at first to mark a basic division of life on Earth. Scientists however recognize an even more fundamental division: life based on prokaryotic cells versus life based on eukaryotic cells."
  
• Biology Reference
  • Cambrian Explosion - Biology Encyclopedia
• ActionBioscience
  • Evidence and the Cambrian Explosion by Jeffrey S. Levinton

• The Cambrian "explosion": Slow-fuse or megatonnage | PDF File | by Simon Conway Morris - PNAS
• Professor Simon Conway Morris - University of Cambridge
• Simon Conway Morris | Wikipedia

• The Burgess Shale and Its Significance | The Burgess Shale Geoscience Foundation
• Fossils from the Burgess Shale of the Stephen Formation | The Virtual Fossil Museum
• The Burgess Shale | UCMP - Berkeley
• The Burgess Shale: Introduction
  • The Burgess Shale: Overview
    • The Science of the Burgess Shale
• The Burgess Shale | Smithsonian Magazine
• How the Burgess Shale Changed Our View of Evolution | Smithsonian Magazine
• Additional Resources on the Burgess Shale | PDF File | The Seattle Times

• INDEX of Topics
  • The Five Kingdoms of Life
    

• Five Kingdoms of Life

I. Bacteria (19): Most of the Known Prokaryotes

Kingdom: Eubacteria (True Bacteria)

Division (Phylum) Proteobacteria: N-Fixing Bacteria
Division (Phylum) Cyanobacteria: Blue-Green Bacteria
Division (Phylum) Eubacteria: True Gram Posive Bacteria
Division (Phylum) Spirochetes: Spiral Bacteria
Division (Phylum) Chlamydiae: Intracellular Parasites

→ Click image to the right for larger version →

II. Archaea (16): Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments

Kingdom Crenarchaeota: Thermophiles
Kingdom Euryarchaeota: Methanogens & Halophiles
Kingdom Korarchaeota: Some Hot Springs Microbes

III. Eukarya (35): Eukaryotic Cells

Kingdom Protista (Protoctista)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

• The Water Channel
  Hi! TheWaterChannel is an open resource with lots of videos related to water.
  • The Future of Water

• Watch Free Online -- "The Great Culling: Our Water" | 93 minutes - Top Documentary Films
  The Great Culling of the human race already has begun. Covertly, insidiously, mercilessly, a global depopulation agenda has been launched. It is being done through chemicals added to our drinking water, food, medicines, and the air we breathe - chemicals that have the known effect of reducing fertility and shortening lifespan.

• Watch Free Online -- "Flow: For Love of Water" | 93 minutes - Top Documentary Films
  Irena Salina's award-winning documentary investigation into what experts label the most important political and environmental issue of the 21st Century - The World Water Crisis. Salina builds a case against the growing privatization of the world's dwindling fresh water supply with an unflinching focus on politics, pollution, human rights, and the emergence of a domineering world water cartel.
  • "Flow" the Film Home Page

• Global Water Supply Drying Up As Population Grows | ThoughtCo

• "Water on the Table" | Wikipedia
  Water on the Table is a Canadian documentary film directed, produced and written by filmmaker Liz Marshall. The film explores Canada's relationship to its freshwater resources and features Canadian activist Maude Barlow in her pursuit to protect water from privatization.

• Preview: Last Call at the Oasis | YouTube
  • Ecocentric | Our Hero: Jessica Yu, Director of "Last Call at the Oasis" | GRACE Communications Foundation

  • When There Really Is Not a Drop to Drink | Review by A.O. Scott | The New York Times Movies
    "Last Call at the Oasis" - A Documentary About Water Supplies
    
  • For Americans' Water, It's 'Last Call at the Oasis' | Review by Mark Jenkins | NPR

• "Water Wars: When Drought, Flood and Greed Collide" | Trailer - YouTube
• "Water Wars" | Review by Mark Leeper - IMDB

• Top Documentary Films
  • "A World Without Water" | 76 minutes
  • "Blue Gold: World Water Wars" | 89 minutes
  • "Water: The Great Mystery" | Trailer Only

• The Water Nexus Blog
  • 10 Must-see water documentaries that provide insight into the future water crisis

• "Future Earth 2025: A Future of Water Shortages" | YouTube
  Future Earth 2025 takes us on an extraordinary CGI journey into the future offering a vision of what the world might be like if we continue to deplete one of our primary resources -- water.
• "Future Earth 2025" | IMDB

• Water Related Documentaries | The Water Project

• UN Environment 2018 Annual Report

• Nature & Environment

• NEPA: National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
  • Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

• Helping Monarch Butterflies
  In the last two decades, its numbers have dropped 90%. We’re working with our partners to restore 1.5 million acres of monarch habitat in the next 10 years and set the butterfly toward recovery.

• Regions
  The Nature Conservancy works to protect the lands and waters on which all life depends in 72 countries around the world.
  • Papua New Guinea

• Research
• The Environmentalist - Blog

• Wildlife Library
• What to do With Fallen Leaves | Blog

• Endangered Species

• Vehicle Recycling: An Eco-Friendly Alternative
• Green Guide For Kids At Home | quietHut
  This guide is packed with links to more than 30 resources about environmental protection and recycling.
• A Green Home Guide -- How To Go Green At Home
• Reducing Your Home's Carbon Footprint: 4 Cash-Conserving Ways to Do It | Safe Sound Family
• Green Living | Article - Home Advisor
• 10 Ways to Go Green and Save Green | Worldwatch Institute
• Green Home Resource Guide | ReviewLab
• Let's Go Solar - Going Green On Campus
  • How Solar Panels Work
  • Ultimate Guide to Solar Panels
• Basement and Home Energy Efficiency Guide

• Contents
  • Introduction to Physical Geography

→ Download E-Book : Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition)
The textbook contains over three hundred pages of information and more than four hundred 2-D illustrations, photographs, and animated graphics organized into ten chapters.

• Sources of Nonlinearity and Complexity in Geomorphic Systems | Abstract - Download PDF Available | Progress in Physical Geography - Sage Journals

• The Ocean Biome
  • The Ocean Biome Image Gallery

• World Biomes - Aquatic

• World Biomes
  • Marine
  • Freshwater
  • Grassland

• Global Ecology - Global Currents and Terrestrial Biomes Map

• Topic Index
  
  • Ocean Habitats
    • The Grassland Biome

• UCMP Glossary
  • The World's Biomes
• Online Exhibits
  • The World's Biomes
    Biomes are defined as "the world's major communities, classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment"
    • The Grassland Biome

• World Biomes
• Savanna

• Tropical Grassland

• Serengeti Vegetation
  • Savanna Plant Ecology | PDF File
    "world of savanna plant ecology in detail"

• Grasslands of the World | Edited by J.M. Suttie, S.G. Reynolds and C. Batello
  • Grasslands of the World: Chapter One: Introduction | FAO
    "Grasslands are a very large carbon sink at world level. Minahi et al. (1993) state that they are almost as important as forests in the recycling of greenhouse gasses and that soil organic matter under grassland is of the same magnitude as in tree biomass; the carbon storage capacity under grassland can be increased by avoiding tillage."

• Coral Reef Atlas | Archived - 2001

• Search on "Coral Reefs"
  • Coral Reefs: There's Still Hope, But Only Just | March/April 2006 Issue

• Biomes of the World - Biome Map | Interactive Map
  "Click on a biome on the above graph for more information, informative videos, and links to scientist profiles, travel information, lesson plans and species profiles for each region."
  • Coral Reef Biome

• Coral Reef Animal Printouts

• Coral Reef Biome: Structure, Habitats, Communities

→ The Importance of Drugs From the Sea | Fox News

• NEWS:
  • Paleontologists Find One-Billion-Year-Old Fossil Fungi in Canada | May 23, 2019 - Sci-News
  • Billion-year-old fossils set back evolution of earliest fungi | May 22, 2019 - Nature
  • Centuries-Old Plant Collection Now Online -- A Treasure Trove For Researchers | September 2, 2018 - NPR
  • Origins of land plants pushed back in time | Feb. 20, 2018 - BBC

• Plant Evolution and Paleobotany - Plant Classification
  • What is Paleobotany?
• Evolution of Plants | Biology Reference
• The Four Major Groups of Plants | Cazadero Nature Program
• Plant Species Numbers | Botanic Gardens Conservation International
• Estimated Number of Animal and Plant Species on Earth | FactMonster
• How Many Different Species of Plant Are There? | Evolving Thoughts
• How Many Species of Plants are there? | Wisegeek
  Vascular plants are the keystone that holds up the entire terrestrial ecosystem, in the same way that cyanobacteria hold up the ecosystem in the oceans.
• The Diversity of Life - Evolution of Plants - Part I | Furman University
  • Part II
  • Part III
• Professor Farabee's Online Biology Book: Table of Contents | Estrella Mountain Community College
  • Biological Diversity: Nonvascular Plants and Nonseed Vascular Plants
    • Evolution of Plants
    • Seed Plants
• Plants | CK-12.org
  • Early Evolution of Plants
• The evolution of plants part 1: The first conquerors of land | Earth Archives
  • The evolution of plants part 5: The grassland empire | Earth Archives
• The evolution of plants part 5: The grassland empire | Earth Archives
• Evolutionary History of the Grasses | American Society of Plant Physiologists
• Dung Fossils Suggest Dinosaurs Ate Grass | National Geographic News
• Plant Evolution and Paleobotany
  • The Rise of Trees
• First Land Plants and Fungi Changed Earth's Climate Paving the Way for Explosive Evolution of Land Animals
  New Gene Study Suggests | May 10, 2001 - Science Daily
  The researchers found that land plants had evolved on Earth by about 700 million years ago and land fungi by about 1,300 million years ago -- much earlier than previous estimates of around 480 million years ago, which were based on the earliest fossils of those organisms.
• Campbell Biology: Online Textbook Help
  • The Origin of Fungi and Its Move to Land
  • The Evolution of Plants and Fungi: Characteristics & Evolutionary History
• Evolution of fungi | Wikipedia
• Scientists found a billion-year-old fungus, and it could change our understanding of how life migrated to land | May 23, 2019 - Business Insider
• Ancient fungi may have laid the groundwork for complex life | May 28, 2019 - Popular Science
• Long Before Trees Overtook the Land, Earth Was Covered by Giant Mushrooms | Smithsonian Magazine
  24 feet tall and three feet wide, these giant spires dotted the ancient landscape
• Fungi was vital to early plant life | Cosmos
• Complex life may only exist because of millions of years of groundwork by ancient fungi | May 22, 2019 - The Conversation
• How the First Plant Came to Be | Scientific American
  A genetic analysis reveals the ancient, complex--and symbiotic--roots of photosynthesis in plants.
• The Hidden Forest
  • Liverworts
    Liverworts are considered to be the first plant to make the transition from the sea to land, some 400 million years ago, and share a common ancestry with green algae (Chlorophyta).
• The First Plants: colonizing wetlands | Earth History
• The War Between Plants and Animals | by Carl Zimmer - Discover Magazine
• Changing Paleoclimates and Mass Extinctions - A New Model for Climate Change | by Donald L. Blanchard
  In this article is proposed a new hypothesis which presents arguments for a long-term cyclicity (ca. 190 Million years) in paleoclimates, and attempts to correlate this cyclicity with major extinction events.
• A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Paleozoic | FULL TEXT - | PDF File (1.0M) available
  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - Biological Sciences
• The Evolutionary Origin of Plants | PDF File - McGraw Hill Education
  Plants evolved from freshwater green algae and eventually developed cuticles, stomata, conducting systems, and reproductive strategies that adapt them well for life on land.
  • Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts | PDF File
    The three major phyla of nonvascular plants are all relatively unspecialized, but well suited for diverse terrestrial environments.
  • Seedless Vascular Plants | PDF File
  • Gymnosperms | PDF File
  • Angiosperms | PDF file
• How Did Plants Evolve | VIDEO - YouTube
• The Soltis Lab | Florida Museum of Natural History
  Scientists and students in the Soltis Lab are currently working with a variety of technologies to investigate mechanisms of speciation, evolutionary relationships and character evolution in flowering and land plants at all taxonomic levels.
• How seeds recognize the seasons | Dec. 16, 2014 - by David Garner | Phys.org
  • Maternal temperature history activates Flowering Locus T in fruits to control progeny dormancy according to time of year
    PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
• The Evolution of Plants (pictures) | Antranik.org
  Did you know that plants used to live only in water millions of years ago? In fact, they didn't even look like plants… plants ancestors were simply algae! Eventually, they evolved to find their way onto land and make use of a completely new environment.
• Dinosaurs and Plants | Enchanted Learning
• Wikipedia
  • Timeline of Plant Evolution
    By the end of the Devonian, the first seed-forming plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the "Devonian Explosion".
  • Evolutionary History of Plants
  • Gymnosperm
• IPlants.org
  iPlants aims to produce an index of all the world's plant species together with, where possible, an image and a preliminary conservation assessment.
• 8.7 million species exist on Earth, study says | August 23, 2011 - The Washington Post
• Species count put at 8.7 million | August 23, 2011 - BBC
• Number of Species Identified on Earth | Current Results

• Angiosperm | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Angiosperm | Encyclopedia.com
• Angiosperms | Biology Reference
• Angiosperm | New World Encyclopedia
• Angiosperms | Tree of Life Web Project
• What is a Flowering Plant? | Encyclopedia of Life
  Approximately 260,000 species of flowering plant have been named so far, constituting nearly 90% of all known species of plants.
• Part III: Angiosperms | The Diversity of Life - Furman University

• How many species of flowering plants are there? | Published July 7, 2010 - Proceedings B - The Royal Society
• Estimate of flowering plant species to be cut by 600,000 | Phys.Org
• Scientists prune list of world's plants | September 19, 2010 - The Guardian

• When Did Flowering Plants Evolve? | (pictures) - Wisegeek
• Evolution of the First Flowers
  Florida Museum of Natural History Study Provides New Insight.
• How did flowering plants evolve to dominate Earth? | Science Daily
  Scientists have discovered the evolutionary step which allowed flowering plants to become the most abundant and ecologically successful group of plants on Earth.
• The Big Bloom--How Flowering Plants Changed the World | National Geographic
• Where Did All the Flowers Come From? | The New York Times
• The Abominable Mystery: How flowers conquered the world | BBC
  The roughly 350,000 known species of flowering plants make up about 90% of all living plant species.
• The Story of Flowering Plants | PDF File (28 pages) | University of Michigan
  And now; SEEDS and PLANT PARTS for 2nd & 3rd graders !
• How Plants Work
  • How, When, and Where Did Flowers Originate?

• Leaf veins as the driving factor in angiosperm evolution (Brodribb and Feild 2009, Ecology Letters)
• Flowers Modern and Ancient | NOVA - PBS
  Here, explore what makes Archaefructus a flowering plant and how it compares to blooming beauties of today.
  • First Flower | NOVA presents the search for the first flowering plant.
  • A Plant with Smarts | by Susan Orlean
• Montsechia, an ancient aquatic angiosperm | FULL TEXT | PNAS
• Ancient Aquatic Flora Was among the First Flowering Plants | Scientific American
  Pyrenees fossils suggest the Montsechia lived up to 130 million years ago and is the earliest known example of a fully submerged aquatic flowering plant.
• New Genetic Study Helps to Solve Darwin's Mystery about the Ancient Evolution of Flowering Plants | Penn State Science
• Genetics Helps Solve How Flowering Plants Evolved | McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University
  New research indicates that two major genetic upheavals produced thousands of new genes that may have helped drive the evolutionary explosion that led to the rich diversity of present-day flowering plants.
• The First Flower | VIDEO - 53 minutes - YouTube
• How Did Flowering Plants Evolve to Dominate Earth? | Science Daily
• How Angiosperms Took Over the World | by Elizabeth Pennisi - Science Magazine
• Angiosperms | UNLV
  Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) are the most successful of all plant groups in terms of their diversity. The group includes more than 250,000 species, and at least 12,000 genera.
• Flowering Plant - Angiosperm | Wikipedia
  • Flower
  • ABC model of flower development
    ABC model of flower development is a scientific model of the process by which flowering plants produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction, a flower.
• The ABC model of flower development: then and now | PDF File - CalTech
  Authors: John L. Bowman, David R. Smyth and Elliot M. Meyerowitz
• Review: Molecular evolution of flower development | PDF File - NYU
  Authors: Amy L. Lawton-Rauh, Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla and Michael D. Purugganan
  The study of the evolution of genes that control floral morphogenesis permits us to draw inferences on the diversification of developmental systems, the origin of floral organs and the selective forces that drive evolutionary change among these plant reproductive structures.
• How Flower Petals Get Their Shape | April 30, 2013 - Live Science
  The shape of a flower's petals and leaves are dictated by a biological map hidden inside the flower's growing bud, a new study finds.
• Angiosperm Floral Morphology | Univeristy of Wisconsin
• The Description of Flowers
• The Carnivorous Plant FAQ - The International Carnivorous Plant Society
  • How Did Carnivorous Plants Evolve?

• A Chain of Species Destruction at Yellowstone | May 13, 2019 - The New York Times

• The Bountiful Benefits Of Bringing Back The Beavers | June 24, 2018 - NPR - Heard on Weekend Edition

• Community and Ecosystem Dynamics

• Lesson 3: Habitats & Communities>/a>

• Ecosystem

• Definition of an Ecosystem

• Resources
  • Guide to the Millennium Assessment Reports
    The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment assessed the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being. From 2001 to 2005, the MA involved the work of more than 1,360 experts worldwide.

• Red List of Ecosystems

• When eradicating invasive species threatens endangered species recovery | May 29, 2014 | News360 - PhysOrg
• Optimal approaches for balancing invasive species eradication and endangered species management | May 30, 2014 | Science Mag - AAAS

• Enormous Iceberg About to Break Off From Antarctica | June 1, 2017 - USNews
• Massive Iceberg Breaks Off from Antarctica | July 12, 2017 - NASA
• Giant iceberg breaks off Antarctica | July 12, 2017 - Reuters
  • Explanatory Graphic
• Iceberg twice size of Luxembourg breaks off Antarctic ice shelf | July 12, 2017 | The Guardian
  Satellite data confirms calving of trillion-tonne, 5,800 sq km iceberg from the Larsen C ice shelf, dramatically altering the landscape.
  • Graphic of iceberg crack along shelf

• NSIDC: National Snow & Ice Data Center
  
  • All About Glaciers: Introduction
• Glaciers | National Park Service
• Glacier | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Glaciology | Wikipedia

• Theories of the Ice Age
• Richard A. Muller | Professor, Berkeley Department of Physics
  • A brief introduction to ice age theories
    
• New Evidence Supports Ice Age Comet Theory
• Iceage Theory | A Chaos theory of ice ages
• Ice Ages: Illinois State Museum

• Forest News:
  • How many trees are cut down every year? | NEWS Mongabay
  • 280-Million-Year-Old Fossil Forest Discovered in... Antarctica | November 15, 2017 - LiveScience
    "Antarctica preserves an ecologic history of polar biomes that ranges for about 400 million years, which is basically the entirety of plant evolution," said Erik Gulbranson, a paleoecologist at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

    

  • 'Sapphire rush' threatens rainforests of Madagascar | April 2, 2017 - The Guardian
  • Millions of trees cut down to make way for wind farms | Scottish Conservatives
    
  • Millions of trees cut down to make way for wind farms | The Daily Caller
    
  • England may be in deforestation state due to lack of tree planting | The Guardian
    
  • A Nigerian Superhighway Project Threatens a Critical Rainforest and Its People | Earth Island Journal
    
  • Six-Lane Highway Threatens Nigeria's Last Rainforests | Smithsonian Magazine
    
  • Stop Superhighway From Destroying Rainforest Wildlife | Animal Petitions
    
  • Barnaby Joyce plan to log old growth forest will 'drive animals to extinction,' expert says | March 28, 2017 | The Guardian
    
  • Why reignite Tasmania's forest wars - to produce logs no one will buy? | March 24, 2017 | The Guardian
    
  • Tasmanian government rips up 'job-destroying' forestry peace deal | September 2, 2016 | The Guardian
    400,000 hectares of protected native forest to be opened to logging in move Liberals say will enhance job creation
  • Plans to log Tasmania's world heritage forests dropped after UN criticism | March 20, 2016 | The Guardian
    
  • Brown Mountain -- irreplaceable old-growth forest being logged | The Wilderness Society
    
  • Leuser Watch | Exposing the Destruction of Indonesia's Leuser Ecosystem | Rainforest Action Network
    

• Types of Forests

• The Rise of Trees

• Types of Forest Ecosystems | Article | April 24, 2017 by Shelby Redfield
• Why is Deforestation a Global Environmental Problem? | Article | April 25, 2017 by Sarah Cairoli

• Natural Inquirer >> A middle school science education journal

• Deforestation

• Forests
• By the Numbers: The Value of Tropical Forests in the Climate Change Equation
• Global Restoration Initiative
• Tracking Progress: Monitoring Forest and Landscape Restoration
• Ending Tropical Deforestation
• Atlas of Forest and Landscape Restoration Opportunities

• Forests
  Forests are critical to the survival of every living thing on Earth. Forests clean the air, regulate weather, absorb greenhouse gas emissions, and stabilize the climate--both global and local. Not to mention, forests provide habitat for 80 percent of the world's terrestrial biodiversity and livelihoods for 1.6 billion people.

• Forests and Climate Change
  Deforestation accounts for nearly 20% of all greenhouse gas emissions -- more than the world's entire transport sector. At the same time, the removal capacity of forests is decreased as forests are lost.

• Leuser Watch | Exposing the Destruction of Indonesia's Leuser Ecosystem
  The Leuser Ecosystem is a spectacular expanse of rare, intact rainforest that is the only place left on Earth where tigers, orangutans, elephants and rhinos live together in the wild.

• Anatomy of a Tree

• Tree Bark

• Moss | Wikipedia
• What is a Moss? | Australian National Herbarium
• Moss | HowStuffWorks
• Mosses and Liverworts | Biology4Kids

• What is Lichen? | Wikipedia
• What is a Lichen? | Australian National Herbarium
• What is a Lichen? | The British Lichen Society
• Lichens | Ohio State University
• Lichens of North America - Information
  This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press.

• Rainforests: facts, figures, news, and pictures
• Rainforest Information for Kids
  • Deforestation Figures for Selected Countries | Mongabay
• Conservation news and environmental science news
  Mongabay, founded in 1999, seeks to raise interest in and appreciation of wild lands and wildlife, aims to be your best source of tropical rainforest conservation and environmental science news.

• World Food Summit
  • AQUASTAT: FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture
    Thus AQUASTAT started, with the aim to contribute to FAO's goals through the collection, analysis and dissemination of information related to water resources, water uses and agricultural water management, with an emphasis on countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
    • Water Resources
      

• The National Agricultural Library
  The National Agricultural Library (NAL), part of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, is one of four National Libraries in the United States. NAL is a major international source for agriculture and related information. This Web site provides access to NAL's many resources and a gateway to its associated institutions.
• NAL Catalog provides citations to agricultural literature
  • NRCS: National Resources Conservation Service
    • Plants
      • Plants Database
        The PLANTS Database provides standardized information about the vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of the U.S. and its territories.
  • Water Quality Information Center
    • Wetlands

• OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  • The United States and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
  • 7th World Water Forum - 12-17 April 2015
• 6th World Water Forum Home Page - 12-17 March 2012
• 5th World Water Forum Home Page - 16-22 March 2009
• 5th World Water Forum | World Water Conference - 16-22 March 2009 - PDF File

• Water Biomes

• Major Environmental Laws & Regulations
  • Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution
  • The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act | PDF Download available
• Water Topics
  • History: Clean Water Act
  • Standards for Water Body Health
  • Agriculture

• Water Resources Management

• The Great Barrier Reef

• Hydrology | National Geographic
• What is Hydrology? | USGS
• Hydrology | Download as PDF | ScienceDirect
  Hydrology is the science that encompasses the study of water on the Earth’s surface and beneath the surface of the Earth, the occurrence and movement of water, the physical and chemical properties of water, and its relationship with the living and material components of the environment. [From Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (2nd edition)]

• Hydrology
  Hydrology is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of hydrology published quarterly online by MDPI.
• Science News by AGU: American Geophysical Union
  • The Renaissance of Hydrology | EOS
• Hydrology | AGU - Advancing Earth and Space Science
• Hydrology | Wikipedia

• International Rivers
  Since 1985, International Rivers has been at the heart of the global struggle to protect rivers and the rights of communities that depend on them. We work with an international network of dam-affected people, grassroots organizations, environmentalists, human rights advocates and others who are committed to stopping destructive river projects and promoting better options.
• Rivers | National Geographic
• Lists of rivers | Wikipedia
  This is a comprehensive list of lists of rivers, organized primarily by continent and country.
• Rivers, Major World | Water Encyclopedia
• Principle Rivers of the World | FactMonster.com
  The following table lists the principal rivers of the world including the name, source location, outflow, and approximate length.
• Major World Rivers| EnchantedLearning.com
  
• List of Major Rivers in the World | Altius Directory
• 10 Most Important Rivers in the World | Touropia
• The Colorado River Runs Dry | Smithsonian Magazine
• Announcing America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2017 | American Rivers
• Human Activities Contribute to Drying Up of Major River Headwaters | Worldwatch Institute
• Dried Up: Lakes, Rivers, and Other Bodies of Water Disappearing Fast | April 27, 2014 - The Weather Channel
• World's Major Rivers Drying Up | SciDevNet
  Some of the developing world's largest rivers are drying up because of climate change, threatening water supplies in some of the most populous places on Earth, say scientists.

• River delta | Wikipedia
• Delta | Encyclopedia Britannica
• The Major River Deltas of the World | PDF File - 7.45MB

• What Causes Algal Blooms? | Center for Earth and Environmental Science
  Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis
• What are Algal Blooms? | Department of Primary Industries - Australia
  • What Causes Algal Blooms?
• Nutrient Pollution - Harmful Algal Blooms | EPA
• Algal bloom | Wikipedia

• UN Water
  • Water Facts
• Groundwater: A Global Assessment of Scale and Significance | PDF File (29 pages)
• Scientists Map Vast Reserves Of Freshwater Under The Seabed | December 11, 2013 - NPR Blog
• Huge Fresh Groundwater Reserves Found beneath Ocean Floor | December 6, 2013 - Sci-News
• Kenya strikes huge water reserve in arid Turkana region | September 11, 2013 - Africa Review
• Vital underground water found in arid north Kenya | September 12, 2013 - CNN
• The Guarani Aquifer: a little known water resource in South America gets a voice | Blog - State of the Planet
• Water Profile of Brazil | Encyclopedia of Earth
• Groundwater resources in Brazil: a review of possible impacts caused by climate change
• Water-rich country at risk | Brazil - Latin America Press
• Top Ten Largest Renewable Fresh Water Supply Countries
  The map of Top Ten Countries with Largest Fresh Water available for supply in the world. Top countries include the Brazil, Russia, Canada, USA etc.
• Glossary | | FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
  • World Water Resources by Country
• Atlas of hidden water may avert future conflict | October 24, 2008 - NewScientist
• World over-using underground water reserves for agriculture | August 8, 2012 - Reuters

• Aquifer | The Encyclopedia of Earth
• What is an Aquifer?
  Ground water moves very rapidly in fractured rock aquifers like the basalts of the eastern Snake River Plain. In such cases, the spread of contaminants can be difficult or impossible to prevent.
  • Eastern Snake Rvier Plain Aquifer - Idaho | By Doug Gellar - Emporia State University
• Water Science School | USGS
  • Aquifers and Groundwater
  • What is a Watershed?
• Ground Water Fundamentals | NGWA: National Groundwater Association
• The Basics: What is Groundwater? | The Groundwater Foundation
• Water Sources | Environment and Climate Change Canada
  • Groundwater
• Earth Science Australia
  • Hydrologic Cycle

• Image: Anatomy of an Aquifer: The Lower Portneuf River Valley

• Wetland Types and Classifications
• The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Pond, bog, swamp, marsh, fen--what are the differences?
• Wetland Definitions & Classification - Wetland Environments - James S. Aber - Emporia State University
• Wetlands | Encyclopedia of Earth
  • Mangroves

• Cattails Info
  • Types of Cattails
• Typha | Wikipedia
• Common Cattail | Brandeis University

• Wetlands

• Science

• List of Sites
  WHSRN brings attention to sites that are vital for the conservation of the hemisphere's longest-distance migrants.

• Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
  • Clean Water Laws, Regulations, Executive Orders | Wetlands
    Key federal statutes governing wetlands in the United States

• Wetland
• Wetlands of the United States
• Wetlands of the United States by State

• What We Do To Protect Wetlands & Watersheds
• Congress and Water Projects in America: The Latest on the Water Resources Development Act | April, 2013 - Blog

• WRDA: Water Resources Development Act | Sizing up the Corp of Engineers | PDF File - FWS

• H.R.3080: Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 | Congress.gov
• Water Resources Development Act of 2014 | PDF download available | Govtracks

• Research Topics at a Glance | Research & Resources
• NCAR: The National Center for Atmospheric Research
  
  • NCAR/Atmospheric Chemistry Division
    The overall scientific goal of ACD is to identify and quantify the natural and anthropogenic processes that regulate the chemical composition of the troposphere and middle atmosphere and to assess future changes caused by human activities.

• The History of the Atmosphere
• Present Day Composition

• Cyanobacteria and the Great Oxidation Event: evidence from genes and fossils | PMC - NCBI
  Throughout the Precambrian, cyanobacteria were one of the most important drivers of biological innovations, strongly impacting early Earth's environments.
• The event that transformed Earth | BBC
  Up until 2.4 billion years ago, there was no oxygen in the air. It took something big to change that – perhaps the biggest evolutionary leap of all.
• Cyanobacteria | University of Arizona
• Blue-Green Algae | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Introduction to Cyanobacteria | Architects of Earth's Atmosphere | UCMP Berkeley
• Tiny Microbes with a Big Impact: The Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future | PMC - NCBI
• The Origin of Oxygen in Earth's Atmosphere | Scientific American
• The Rise of Oxygen | Astrobiology Magazine
• Poisoned Planet | Phil Plait
• The Great Oxygenation Event | Wikipedia
  • Cyanobacteria | Wikipedia
• How Earth Got Its Oxygen | LiveScience

• Life and the Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere | A Special Planet

• Geologic History of Earth - Development of the Atmosphere and Oceans
• Atmosphere
• Evolution of the Atmosphere

• How the Ozone Layer Works | HowStuffWorks
  When UV light hits oxygen gas, it breaks it down to two oxygen atoms. Then, when an oxygen atom meets oxygen gas it forms ozone gas.
• How Does The Earth Protect Us From Space? | Universe Today
• Ultraviolet Radiation: How It Affects Life On Earth | Earth Observatory - NASA
• Ultraviolet Radiation | NSF Polar Programs UV Monitoring Network
• Ozone Layer | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Ozone | Ozone, UV, and Aerosal studies
  Welcome to the webpages of the ozone, aerosol and UV research group at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMIB).
  • Formation of ozone
• Ozone Facts | AirNow.gov
• Ozone and the Ozone Layer | English Online
  Articles in easy understandable english for learners
• Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2nd edition)
  • Chapter 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere
    • Chapter 7e: The Ozone Layer
• Wikipedia
  • Ozone
  • Ozone layer
  • Ozone-oxygen cycle

• Air - BC Air Quality
• Ozone Layer Protection | EPA
• Ozone Depletion | National Geographic
• Ozone Layer Depletion | Environment for Kids - Ducksters
• Ask the Scientist - What is Ozone, and why is it important?
• Ozone Facts: What is the Ozone Hole? | Ozone Hole Watch | Goddard Space Flight Center - NASA

• Soil Society of America
• Why soil is important to life on Earth – and helps fight climate change | Article - September 27, 2022
• Geology, Rocks and Minerals | Enchanted Learning
  • Soil Layers
• One amazing substance allowed life to thrive on land | Earth-BBC
  It is not much to look at, but without soil life might never have learned to thrive away from water.
• "Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"
  • Soil is a living substance
• Why soil is one of the most amazing things on our planet | Four-minute animated video
• Soil for Schools | SoilNet.com
• K-12 Soil Science Teacher Resources | Soil Biology
  Soil is full of life. It is often said that a handful of soil has more living organisms than there are people on planet Earth. Soils are the stomach of the earth, consuming, digesting, and cycling nutrients and organisms.
  • Soil Mineralogy
    • Soil Basics | Just What is Soil?
    • Glossary
• Soils4kids.org
  • What is Soil?
    Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things.
• Basic Soil Components
• Soil Composition | National Geographic Society
• Basic Soil Components | Article - Nature
  There are five basic components of soil that, when present in the proper amounts, are the backbone of all terrestrial plant ecosystems: Mineral - Water - Organic Matter - Gases - Microorganisms
• Silicates
  • Mineralogy4Kids | Presented by the Mineralogical Society of America
    • Silicates - Mineral Groups
  • Silicate | New World Encyclopedia
  • Silicate | Wikipedia
  • Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery
    • The Silicate Class
  • The Silicate Minerals | by Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. | Vision Learning
  • Silicates | University of Waterloo
  • Rocks and Minerals | rocksandminerals4u
    • What is a Mineral?
    • The Silicates - Building Blocks of The Earth's Crust
• Soil Minerals and Plant Nutrition | The Nature Education Knowledge Project
  How do chemical reactions involving soil minerals play a crucial role in controlling the availability of essential plant nutrients?
• Facts About Soil: What It is Made of and How It Forms | Bright Hub
• Introduction to Earth Science | Lecture Handouts Index
  • Introduction to Clay Minerals and Soils
• The Nature and Properties of Soils, 15th edition | by Raymond R. Weil | PDF download available | Research Gate
• Soil Composition and Formation | Indiana University
  • Virtual CD-ROM/ Floppy Disk Library
• Fundamentals of Soil | basic principles of tropical soils | University of Hawaii
  • Soil Composition
    The basic components of soil are minerals, organic matter, water and air.
• Building Soils for Better Crops, 3rd Edition | Online Version FREE | SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education
  • The Living Soil
    • Soil Microorganisms
  
• A Soil Primer Looking Closer, Digging Deeper | Hippocrates Health Institute
• THE BASICS OF UNDERSTANDING SOIL FERTILITY AND SOIL TESTING
• Soil Nutrients: An Overview | ScienceDirect
• Soil Health
  • Soils are Alive
• How Soil is Destroyed | FAO: Corporate Document Repository
• What types of animals live in the soil? | Soils Matter
• Article: The Living Earth | By Clint Waltz, H. "Skip" Skipper and Bert McCarty, Clemson University
• The secret life of soil | by Peg Herring - Oregon State University
• Soil organism | Encyclopedia Britannica
• Soil Science Courseware | Lectures - NCSU
  • Soil Oragnisms and Organic Matter
• Table of Contents | Soil quality considerations in the selection of sites for aquaculture | FAO - United Nations
• Plant Nutrition | Kids World
  • Plant Nutrients
    Sixteen chemical elements are known to be important to a plant's growth and survival. The sixteen chemical elements are divided into two main groups: non-mineral and mineral.
• Soil biology | Wikipedia
  • Soil
    Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material.
    • Mediaviewer
  • Plant nutrition
• Plant Nutrients in the Soil | DPI - AU
• There are seven essential plant nutrients defined as... | Clemson
• The 6 Essential Nutrients For Healthy Plants
• 6 Types of Soil Explained & How to Check Your Soil Type Fast
• Understanding Soil Microbes and Nutrient Recycling | Ohio State University

• Modern temperatures in central–north Greenland warmest in past millennium | Published: January 18, 2023 - Nature
• Temperatures in One of Earth’s Coldest Corners Are the Highest in 1,000 Years | January 20, - Scientific American
• Extreme weather is tormenting every U.S. region, and it’s far from over | June 14, 2022 - Washington Post
• The U.N. says climate impacts are getting worse faster than the world is adapting | November 4, 2021 - NPR
• La Niña is coming. Here's what that means for winter weather in the U.S. | October 22, 2021 - NPR

Google Image search results for "la nina variable polar jet stream."

• The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 - Summary
  The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 was awarded "for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex systems"
  with one half jointly to Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann
  "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
  and the other half to Giorgio Parisi "for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."

• Trio of scientists win Nobel prize for physics for climate work
  Sykuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi share award for advancing climate knowledge
  October 5, 2021 - The Guardian

  Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded for Study of Humanity’s Role in Changing Climate
  Oct. 5, 2021 - The New York Times

  ---

• U.N. Climate Change Conference UK 2021 | 13 Oct. - 12 Nov. Glasgow in Partnership with Italy
  The UK will host the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow on 31 October – 12 November 2021.
  • What is a COP?

• What is COP26? How the pivotal UN conference could avert global climate 'catastrophe' | October 27, 2021 - CNN

• U.N. releases blistering assessment on the state of climate change | Aug. 9, 2021 - NBC News
• That Heat Dome? Yeah, It’s Climate Change.
  Essay by Michael E. Mann and Susan Joy Hassol | June 29, 2021 - The New York Times
• What to Know About the Heat Wave | June 29, 2021 - by Adeel Hassan - The New York Times
  The recent triple-digit temperatures in Oregon, Washington State and Canada were exacerbated by an intense drought.

• Record-breaking heat in Pacific Northwest hits high of 116 degrees; cooler temperatures expected Tuesday | June 29, 2021 - USA Today

• Unprecedented Heat Wave in Pacific Northwest Driven by Climate Change | June 28, 2021 - Scientific American

• Shift to a Not-So-Frozen North Is Well Underway, Scientists Warn | December 8, 2020 - The New York Times
  “There is no reason to think that in 30 years much of anything will be as it is today,” one of the editors of a new report on the Arctic climate said.
• 2020 Arctic Report Card: Past Year Was the Region's Second-Warmest on Record | Weather.com
• Arctic Report Card: Update for 2020 | Arctic Program - NOAA

• The World Lost Two-Thirds Of Its Wildlife In 50 Years. We Are to Blame | September 20, 2020 - NPR
• UN Climate Change Conference - December 2019 | UNFCCC
• COP25 Climate Change Conference | WHO
• COP25: Thousands gather for change climate protests in Madrid | BBC

• Searching For Solid Ice As Scientists 'Freeze In' To Study A Warming Arctic | Nov. 5, 2019 - NPR
  It's a project called the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC).
• German ship completes historic Arctic expedition | 10/14/20 - BBC

• A War Against Climate Science, Waged by Washington’s Rank and File | By Lisa Friedman | June 15, 2020 - The New York Times
  Efforts to block research on climate change don’t just come from the Trump political appointees on top. Lower managers in government are taking their cues, and running with them.
• National Security, the Assault on Science, and Academic Freedom | AAUP: American Association of University Professors
  The following report, prepared by a subcommittee of the Association’s Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure, was approved in October 2017 by Committee A and adopted in November 2017 by the Council.

• U.S. Formally Begins To Leave The Paris Climate Agreement | Nov. 4, 2019 - NPR

• Trump’s Shadow War on Climate Science | July 31, 2019 - Foreign Policy

• Brazilian troops to fight widespread Amazon fire, after global calls to action | August 24, 2019 - Climate Institutue
  • "Vast methane plumes escaping from the seafloor" discovered in Siberian Arctic Sea | July 28, 2014 - The Daily Kos
  • Vast methane 'plumes' seen in Arctic ocean as sea ice retreats | December 13, 2011 - The Independent

• Arctic Report Card Documents 'Cascading Effects' Of Warming Ocean Temperatures | December 12, 2018 - NPR

• IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report
  An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty.

• Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), Volume I - Climate Science Special Report
  This report is an authoritative assessment of the science of climate change, with a focus on the United States. It represents the first of two volumes of the Fourth National Climate Assessment, mandated by the Global Change Research Act of 1990.
• Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume I - Climate Science Special Report | U.S. Global Change Research Program - PDF File (477 pages)
• Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States
  • Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate
    This chapter is based on the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR), which is Volume I of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (available at science2017.globalchange.gov). The Key Messages and the majority of the content represent the highlights of CSSR, updated with recent references relevant to these topics. The interested reader is referred to the relevant chapter(s) in CSSR for more detail on each of the Key Messages that follow.
• Fourth National Climate Assessment | Global Change.gov
  "Below you will find information related to Volumes I and II of NCA4, including background information and frequently asked questions about the report development process."
• NCA4 Vol. I and II: FAQs

• COP24
  COP24 is the informal name for the 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
• High Stakes As International Climate Conference Begins | December 3, 2018 - NPR
• Sir David Attenborough: Climate change 'our greatest threat' | Video - December 3, 2018 - BBC

• Climate change will shrink US economy and kill thousands, government report warns | November 23, 2018 - CNN
• As Trump questions global warming, UN says: US gov't won't | November 22, 2018 - Yahoo! News
• Major Climate Report Describes a Strong Risk of Crisis as Early as 2040 | October 7, 2018 - The New York Times
• Final call to save the world from 'climate catastrophe' | October 8, 2018 - BBC
• Trump's future-be-damned climate change policy | October 8, 2018 - Yahoo News

• The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 - Summary
  The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 was divided equally between William D. Nordhaus "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis" and Paul M. Romer "for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis."
  • Press Release || Press Release PDF File
    Integrating innovation and climate with economic growth
• 2018 Nobel in Economics Is Awarded to William Nordhaus and Paul Romer | October 8, 2018 - The New York Times

• Climate Change | The New Yorker
• Trump: climate change scientists have political agenda | 10/15/18 - BBC
• Trump says climate change not a "hoax" but questions if it's "manmade" | October 15, 2018 - CBS News
• It's not okay how clueless Donald Trump is about climate change | February 1, 2018 - The Guardian
• To Predict Effects Of Global Warming, Scientists Looked Back 20,000 Years | August 30, 2018 - NPR
• Past and future global transformation of terrestrial ecosystems under climate change | August 31, 2018 - Science Magazine
• How vanishing Arctic ice may set stage for extreme Nor'easters | March 23, 2018 - NBC News
  Arctic sea ice is disappearing, and some climate scientists believe the drop is fueling Nor-easters, drought and other extreme weather.
• Approaching Day Zero | February 24, 2018 - The Week
• Bering Sea loses half its sea ice over two weeks | February 22, 2018 - PRI
  Brettschneider said. "There's this whole cascading set of impacts that affect the entire hemisphere, and in fact the entire globe, when you heat up the Arctic."
• Bering Sea Loses Half of its Sea Ice | Video - News Center Maine

• 16,000 scientists sign dire warning to humanity over health of planet | November 15, 2017 - CNN
• World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice | Published: November 13, 2017 - Journal Bioscience
• U.S. Report Says Humans Cause Climate Change, Contradicting Top Trump Officials | November 3, 2017 - The New York Times
• Trump administration releases report finding 'no convincing alternative explanation' for climate change | November 3, 2017 - The Washington Post
• Massive Government Report Says Climate Is Warming And Humans Are The Cause | November 2, 2017 - NPR
• Trump Picks Oklahoma Congressman to Head NASA | September 4, 2017 - NPR
  But when it comes to climate change, he has denied that human activities are responsible for increasing global temperatures.
• Trump's Nominee To Be USDA's Chief Scientist Is Not A Scientist | September 4, 2017 - NPR
• It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly | Opinion - August 28, 2017 | Michael Mann - The Guardian
  Michael Mann is distinguished professor of atmospheric science at Pennsylvania State University, director of the Penn State Earth System Science Center and author of three books, including The Hockey Stick and The Climate Wars, Dire Predictions, and The Madhouse Effect.
• Can Anyone, Even Walmart, Stem The Heat-Trapping Flood Of Nitrogen On Farms? | August 21, 2017 - NPR
• Human-Caused Warming Likely Led to Recent Streak of Record-Breaking Temperatures, new study finds | August 10, 2017 - AGU: American Geophysical Union
• White House reviewing new report that finds strong link between climate change, human activity | August 7, 2017 - The Washington Post
• Scientists Fear Trump Will Dismiss Blunt Climate Report | August 7, 2017 - The New York Times
• U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) | The Washington Post
• European heatwave deaths could skyrocket: climate study | August 5, 2017 - Phys.org
  "Also this week, researchers wrote in Environmental Research Letters, that rising carbon dioxide levels will dramatically cut the amount of protein in stable crops like rice and wheat in the decades to come. The new paper, said Paul Wilkinson of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, "is yet another reminder of the exposures to extreme weather and possible human impacts that might occur if emissions of greenhouse gases continue unabated."
• Schwarzenegger unveils initiative to tweak Trump on climate | 08/04/17 - Politico
• Loss of Arctic sea ice impacting Atlantic Ocean water circulation system | July 31, 2017 - Science Daily
  • AMOC: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation | Encyclopedia of Earth
• Global Warming's Great Hiatus Gets Another Debunking | June 4, 2015 | InsideClimate News

• Trump Will Withdraw U.S. From Paris Climate Agreement | June 1, 2017 - The New York Times
  
• World reacts to Trump's Paris climate accord withdrawl | June 2, 2017 - Aljazeera
• Paris climate agreement: What you need to know | June 3, 2017 - Aljazeera
• Trump's Speech on Paris Climate Withdrawl, Annotated | June 1, 2017 - NPR

• Scott Pruit hails era of environmental deregulation in speech at coal mine | April 13, 2017 | The Guardian
• New study shows worrisome signs for Greenland ice | April 14, 2017 | The Guardian
• Trump's Budget Slashes Climate Change Funding | March 16, 2017 - NPR
• Warmer Temps Speed Infectious Disease Spread | February 16, 2017 | by Brenda Goodman - WebMD
• Trump Administration Orders EPA to Remove Its Climate Change Web Page | January 25, 2017 | Scientific American
• Donald Trump Just Replaced the White House Climate Website With... This | January 20, 2017 - Mother Jones
  
• Trump EPA Pick Expresses Doubts about Climate Change, Defends Oil Industry Funding | January 18, 2017 | Scientific American

• ABOUT

• Climate Change Adaptation
• Climate Change Mitigation

• The New Climate War
• Climate One
• Scientist Mike Mann’s must-read book, ‘The New Climate War’ | Climate Connections - Yale

• An entire year trapped on the ice
  The name MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) mirrors the complexity and diversity of this expedition.
  • German ship completes historic Arctic expedition | 10/14/20 - BBC

• Full Report
  Global climate is changing. Most of the warming of the past half-century is due to human activities. Some types of extreme weather are increasing, ice is melting on land and sea, and sea level is rising.

• About this Report

• NCA4 Vol I and II: FAQs

• The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come
  Published: November 28, 2018

• R20 Mission
  To help sub-national governments around the world to develop and communicate low-carbon and climate resilient economic development projects.

• National Centers for Environmental Information
• Climate
  • Resource Collections
    • Climate Education Resources
    • Climate change impacts

• Climate Change 101
• Teaching Climate Change: Best Practices

• Perception of climate change | March 29, 2012 - Hansen et al - FULL TEXT - PNAS
• Communicating the deadly consequences of global warming for human heat stress | Abstract - PNAS
• Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events | March 10, 2017 - FULL TEXT - PNAS
• Spatial heterogeneity of climate change as an experiential basis for skepticism | October 20, 2016 | Abstract - PNAS

• Learning from mistakes in climate research | November 2016 - FULL TEXT - PDF download available
  Long list of references

• The global tree restoration potential | Report - AAAS
• Simulating the Earth system response to negative emissions | Article - IOPScience

• Search Results for Climate Change | Environment & Society Portal

• Climate: Securing a cleaner future

• The Essential Principles of Climate Sciences | PDF File

• Hotter Planet Already Poses Fatal Risks, Health Experts Warn | December 2, 2020 by Somini Sengupta - The New York Times
  A new report presented climate change as an immediate public health danger and urged lawmakers to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
• 2020 is a 'preview' of how bad things can get if we don't fix climate change, other systemic problems: Lancet report | CNBC

• The Lancet Journal Homepage
• The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change
• The Global Launch of the 2020 Lancet Countdown Report
• The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises
  Published: December 2, 2020
• The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate
  Published: November 13, 2019
• The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: shaping the health of nations for centuries to come
  Published: November 28, 2018
• The Ideology of Climate Change Denial in the United States | European Journal of American Studies

• IUCN SSC Guidelines for Assessing Species' Vulnerability to Climate Change | PDF File (127 pages) | IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
• IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
  The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard for how we assess the conservation status of ecosystems.
  • Red List of Ecosystems
• Global Warming | NWF: National Wildlife Federation
  • Effects on Wildlife and Habitat
  
• Effects of Climate Change | WWF: World Wildlife Fund
  • Polar Bear
• Wildlife and Climate Change | Climate Change Resource Center - U.S. Forest Service
• Climate Adaptation Strategy | National fish, wildlife, & plants
• Search Results for: impact of climate change on wildlife | NASA
  • Probing the Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife, Ecosystems
• Climate Change Poses Challenges to Plants and Animals | State of the Planet - Earth Insitute - Columbia University
• Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals | Wikipedia
  • Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity
• IPCC Report: climate impacts on wildlife | The Guardian
  Plants, animals and entire ecosystems are on the move as rising temperatures force species to seek out cooler climes
  • Climate change: global reshuffle of wildlife will have huge impacts on humanity
• Climate Change and Wildlife Health: Direct and Indirect Effects | PDF File - USGS
• Climate Change & Wildlife | The Wildlife Trusts - UK
• Effects on Wildlife and Habitat | NWF: National Wildlife Federation
  • Witnessing Wildlife and Climate Out of Sync | Blog - Anne Bolen - March 17, 2017
• 7 Species Hit Hard by Climate Change-Including One That's Already Extinct | April 2, 2014 - National Geographic
• How Climate Change Will Impact Animals | Article - TIME Magazine

• A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends | Wiley | The Ecological Society of America
  "Numerous examples, ranging from microbiology and soil science to biogeography, demonstrate how extreme weather events can accelerate shifts in species composition and distribution, thereby facilitating changes in ecosystem functioning."
• Climate change may bring big ecosystem changes | NASA
• Climate Impacts on Ecosystems | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
• Ecosystems and Global Climate Change | Summary - Download Entire Report - C2ES: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
• Climate changes effects plunder the planet | EDF: Environmental Defense Fund
• Impacts of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services | BirdLife International
• Marine problems: Climate Change | WWF: World Wild Fund
• Science Highlights: Ecological Effects of Climate Change | NCEAS: National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis
• Ecological Impacts of Climate Change (2008) | NAS: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine
• Climate Change Affects Biodiversity | Article - January 19, 2014 - Global Issues
• Ecosystem Responses to Global Climate Change: Moving Beyond Color Mapping | Bioscience - Oxford Academy
• The impact of global climatic changes on the aquatic environment | PDF Download Available - Science Direct
• IUCN Red List of Ecosystems
  The IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is a global standard for how we assess the conservation status of ecosystems.
  • Red List of Ecosystems
• Climate changes already having major effects on ecosystems, species | Arizona State University
• Ecological Impacts of Climate Change | Plos Collections
• Climate Change and Species Distribution | August 5, 2008 - Science Daily
• Climate change impacting most species on Earth, even down to their genomes | April 5, 2017 - The Guardian
  Three recent studies point to just how broad, bizarre, and potentially devastating climate change is to life on Earth. And we've only seen one degree Celsius of warming so far.

• Plant growth and climate change | Article from Annals of Botany | NLM - NIH
• Plants have unexpected response to climate change | August 8, 2014 - Science Magazine
• Crops and Climate: Plants Will Suffer as Earth Warms (Op-Ed) | June 10, 2015 - LiveScience
• Plant Phenology and Climate Change | Project BudBurst
  • About
• Climate Change is Leaving Native Plants Behind | John Upton - Climate Central
  “The big takeaway is that species are on the move, and they’re moving at different rates,” said Jon Christensen, a scientist and historian at the University of California, Los Angeles. “Which raises the concern that the ecosystems of California could be unraveling.”
• Global warming may affect the capacity of trees to store carbon, study finds | May 25, 2011 - Phys.org
• Global Warming Effects on Trees | Subtle Energies
  An article in the Fall 1995 Earth Island Journal by Charles E. Little claims that "America's Trees Are Dying". Here is the introduction for that article.
• CO2 Effects on Plants Increase Global Warming | Carnegie Institution for Science
  • Incomplete Drought Recovery May Be the New Normal
• Plants and Climate Change: Which Future? | BGCI: Botanic Gardens Conservation International
  • Plants and Climate Change: Which Future? | PDF File (98 pages)
• Climate Change Impacts: Vegetation | Martin T. Sykes - Wiley Online Library
• Science for Environment Policy | PDF File - European Commission
• How Plants Could Impact Global Warming | State of the Planet - Earth Institute - Columbia University
• Effects of climate change on arctic vegetation | PDF File

• "The Insect Crisis: The Fall Of The Tiny Empires That Run The World" by Oliver Milman
  Interview with NPR Feb. 24, 2022
  • The Insect Crisis: The Fall of the Tiny Empires That Run the World by Oliver Milman | Barnes & Noble
  • The Insect Crisis by Oliver Milman review – strange and fragile beauty | Review by Edward Posnett | The Guardian

• Bumblebees even more devastated by recent climate change than previously thought: Study | February 7, 2020 - ABC News
  The lead author of the study warned that many species could vanish forever.
• A World Without Pollinators | Bee Culture
• Pollinator Partnership
• A World Without Pollinators is A World Without Plants | Bay Journal
• What are pollinators and why do we need them? | Center for Pollinator Research - Penn State
• The Simple Truth: We Can't Live Without Them | PDF File - FS
• Ecology: Pollinator-Plant Synchrony Tested by Climate Change | Current Biology - ScienceDirect
• Climate change and its effects on terrestrial insects and herbivory patterns | Article - Neotropical Entomology - SciElo
• Articles -NLM- NIH
  • Consequences of Climate Warming and Altered Precipitation Patterns for Plant-Insect and Multitrophic Interactions
  • Physiological effects of climate warming on flowering plants and insect pollinators and potential consequences for their interactions
• Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions - PDF File
• Studying Plant-Pollinator Interactions in a Changing Climate: A Review of Approaches
  Applications in Plant Sciences - Botanical Society of America - BioOne
• Climate Change: Bees and Orchids Lose Touch | ScienceDirect
• Insect Disturbance and Climate Change | U.S. Forest Service - USDA
• Climate change effects on beneficial plant-microorganism interactions | Wiley Online Library
• Climate Change: Resetting Plant-Insect Interactions | PDF File - Update on Climate Change - Nabity Lab
• Impacts of climate change at high latitudes on terrestrial plants and invertebrates | PDF File
• Community shifts under climate change: Mechanisms at multiple scales | American Journal of Botany
• Mutualisms in a changing world: an evolutionary perspective | PDF File - Ecology Letters
• Why Worry About Mutualisms and Climate Change? | PDF File - Laguna de Santa Rosa Foundation
• New study reveals impact of climate change on pollination | June 10, 2016 - Down To Earth
• Insects, Trees, and Climate: The Bioacoustic Ecology of Deforestation and Entomogenic Climate Change | MutaMorphosis
• Changing Ecosystems and Climate: Impact on Animal, Plant, & Human Health | PDF File - University of Maine

• The Crop Trust
  We are the only international organization dedicated solely to conserving and making available crop diversity.
  • Svalbard Global Seed Vault
    Deep inside a mountain on a remote island in the Svalbard archipelago, halfway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, lies the Global Seed Vault.
  • PICTURES
  • The Crop Wild Relatives Project
• Raiders Of The Lost Crops: Scientists Race Against Time To Save Genetic Diversity | Dec. 3, 2019 - NPR
• Wild seed collectors turn Indiana Jones in the search for resilient crops | Dec. 2, 2019 - The Guardian
  More than 370 species were gathered during a six-year mission to widen the gene pool and ensure future food security.
• The U.S. Government’s 20 Seed Banks
• Seed bank | Wikipedia
• Svalbard Global Seed Vault | Wikipedia

• What is regenerative farming? Experts say it can combat climate change | July 28, 2019 - CBSNews
  • What you need to know about the science of climate change | June 1, 2017
• In a Warming World, Evidence of a Human 'Fingerprint' on Drought | May 1, 2019 - The New York Times
• Scientists see fingerprint of warming climate on droughts going back to 1900 | May 1, 2019 - Phys.org
• NASA Study: Human Influence on Global Droughts Goes Back 100 Years | May 1, 2019 - Video - NASA
• Coping with the impact of climate change on agriculture and food and nutritional security
  FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• Agriculture and climate change | EEA: European Environment Agency
• The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture | PDF File (64MB) | USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture
• How will Climate Change Affect Agriculture? | PDF File | CFARE: The Council on Food, Agricultural & Resource Economics
• Agriculture | National Climate Assessment - 2014
  The National Climate Assessment summarizes the impacts of climate change on the United States, now and in the future.
  • Our Changing Climate | Full Report
    A team of more than 300 experts guided by a 60-member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences.
  • An Introduction to Our Changing Climate
• Climate Impacts on Agriculture and Food Supply | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
• Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture | Climate Education for K12 - NCSU
• Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Forestry | Climate Change Service - Copernicus - Europe's eyes on Earth
• Climate Change & Agriculture | University of Reading
• Climate Change Effects on Insects and Pathogens | PDF File | PAN: Pesticide Action Network
• Climate change and agriculture | Wikipedia
• How will climate change affect food production? | September 19, 2012 - The Guardian
• Gauging the impact of climate change on U.S. agriculture | July 7, 2016 - MIT News

• Nitrogen's Effect on Climate
  • Global Nitrogen: Cycling out of Control | Article - NCBI - NIH
  • The Changing Nitrogen Cycle | UCAR Center for Science Education
  • Fertilizer use responsible for increase in nitrous oxide in atmosphere | April 2, 2012 - News - UC Berkeley
  • New science reveals agriculture's true climate impact | April 10, 2012 - Grist
  • The role of nitrogen in climate change and the impacts of nitrogen-climate interactions in the United States | Springer
  • Fertilizer produces far more greenhouse gas than expected | June 9, 2014 - ScienceNews
  • Fertilizers, a Boon to Agriculture, Pose Growing Threat to U.S. Waterways | July 27, 2017 - The New York Times
  • Nitrogen Pollution Likely to Increase Under Climate Change | Scientific American
    Human-made nitrogen now affects even isolated waterways, presaging a world where humanity drives the natural cycle of this vital nutrient.
  • How Much Fertilizer is Too Much for the Climate? | June 9, 2014 - MSU News
  • Fertilizers, Climate Change and Enhancing Agricultural Productivity Sustainably | PDF File - International Fertilizer Industry Association
  • Climate change impacts of US reactive nitrogen | PDF FILE - PNAS
  • Agriculture's Role On Global Warming | Arcadia Bioscience
  • Nitrous Oxide Increase in the Atmosphere Due to Fertilizer Use in Agriculture | April 30, 2012 - Decoded Science
  • Fertilizer | Wikipedia

• Chapters 12 and 13 of the U.S. Global Change Research Program - Third Draft of the Climate Science Special Report (CSSR) discuss key issues connected with sea level rise and ocean changes, including ocean acidification, and their potential effects on the United States.

• "The effects of climate change on oceans" | PDF File - United Nations
  Findings from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and Preparations for the Sixth
• Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate | IPCC
  The IPCC approved and accepted Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate at its 51st Session held on 20 – 23 September 2019. The approved Summary for Policymakers (SPM) was presented at a press conference on 25 September 2019.
  • Download report
    The chapters posted are the Final Government Draft versions. They are subject to correction, copy-editing, layout and “trickleback” adjustments to the text of the full report to ensure consistency with the approved Summary for Policymakers.
• The World’s Oceans Are in Danger, Major Climate Change Report Warns | Sept. 25, 2019 - The New York Times
• New U.N. climate report: Monumental change already here for world’s oceans and frozen regions | Sept. 25, 2019 - The Washington Post
• U.N. Panel Details Effects of Climate Change on Oceans and Ice Caps | Sept. 25, 2019 - The Walls Street Journal

• Jean-Michel Cousteau's Statement on Climate Change | April 26, 2017 - Ocean Futures Society
• Sea Level Rise.org | United States
• Sea Level Rise: What It Is, Why It Matters, and What Can Be Done? | 09/13/17 | by John Hawthorne
• Satellites show warming is accelerating sea level rise | February 12, 2018 - by Seth Borenstein - Seattle Times
  Melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of sea level rise, new satellite research shows.
• Climate Change Is Killing Coral On The Great Barrier Reef | April 18, 2018 - NPR
• Low oxygen levels, coral bleaching getting worse in oceans | January 5, 2018 - by Seth Borenstein - Seattle Times
  Global warming is making the world's oceans sicker, depleting them of oxygen and harming delicate coral reefs more often, two studies show.
• Low oxygen levels, coral bleaching getting worse in oceans | January 4, 2018 - aboutcivil.org
• Ocean Impacts of Climate Change | Video - National Geographic
  How is climate change affecting fragile coral reef ecosystems?
• How does climate change affect coral reefs? | National Ocean Service - NOAA
• 5 ways climate change is affecting our oceans | EDF: Environmental Defense Fund
• Is Global Warming Really Slowing Down? | August 28, 2013 - Mother Jones
  → Visualization of where excess heat trapped within the climate system ends up. →

• 5 ways that climate change affects the ocean | June 7, 2018 - Conservation International
• Climate Change Indicators: Oceans | EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
• The Ocean and Climate Change | The Ocean Foundation
• Feature Stories: Climate, Fisheries, and Protected Resources | NOAA Fisheries
• Kendra Pierre-Louis
  Kendra Pierre-Louis is a reporter on the New York Times climate team.
  • Ocean Heat Waves Are Threatening Marine Life | March 4, 2019
  • The World Is Losing Fish to Eat as Oceans Warm, Study Finds | February 28, 2019
• Climate Change and the Global Ocean | Video - NASA
  • Global Climate Change
  • Oceans of Climate Change | Video - NASA
    Oceanographer Josh Willis discusses the heat capacity of water, performs an experiment to demonstrate heat capacity using a water balloon and describes how water's ability to store heat affects Earth's climate.
• The Ocean and Climate Change | PDF File | IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature
• Feature: climate change and the world's oceans | United Nations
• ICP-18 Examines Effects of Climate Change on Oceans | May 23, 2017 - IISD
• Oceans and Marine Resources | National Climate Assessment 2014
• Ocean Acidification Will Make Climate Change Worse | August 26, 2013 - TIME Magazine
• How climate change alters ocean chemistry | World Ocean Review
• Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems | Review - ScienceDirect
• Staggering Decline In Deep-Sea Marine Life Expected By 2100 Due To Climate Change | December 31, 2013 - International Science Times
• As Ocean Warms, the Impacts Multiply (Op-Ed) | October 5, 2013 - LiveScience
• What If the Ocean's Climate-Controlling 'Conveyor Belt' Came to a Halt? | April 12, 2018 - LiveScience
• Ocean currents affect how climate change impacts movements of species to cooler regions | May 24, 2017 - Phys.org
• Marine problems: climate change | WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature
• Effects of global warming | Wikipedia
  • Effects of global warming on oceans

• Bank for International Settlements
  • Search Results for "climate change"
  • François Villeroy de Galhau: Central banks and supervisors taking action on climate change
    Introductory remarks by Mr François Villeroy de Galhau, Governor of the Bank of France, on launch of "A call for action", at the NGFS (Network for Greening the Financial System) conference, Paris, 17 April 2019.
  • Christine Lagarde: Frankfurt and Europe in a new decade | January 21, 2020
    Speech by Ms Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank, at the New Year's Reception of the City of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 16 January 2020.
• Climate Change Could Blow Up the Economy. Banks Aren’t Ready. | January 23, 2020 - The New York Times
  Like other central banks, the E.C.B., which met on Thursday, is scrambling to prepare for what a report warns could be a coming economic upheaval.
• Climate change could cause the next financial meltdown | Jan. 23, 2020 - Chicago Tribune
• Lagarde Vows to Put Climate Change on the E.C.B.’s Agenda | Sep. 4, 2019 - The New York Times
• Climate Change Threatens the Stability of the Financial System November 21, 2019 - Center for American Progress
• Bank Regulators Present a Dire Warning of Financial Risks From Climate Change | Oct. 17, 2019 - The New York Times
  • Strategies to Address Climate Change Risk in Low- and Moderate-income Communities | October, 2019 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
• Warren calls on big U.S. banks for steps on climate risk | January 22, 2020 - Reuters
• Climate Change: Why Financial Institutions Should Take Note | Global Risk Institute
• Climate change: what are the risks to financial stability? | Bank of England
  Climate change poses risks for the stability of the financial system, particularly for the insurance and banking sectors.
  • Climate change: why it matters to the Bank of England
    The economy and the environment are closely linked. Many economic activities have an impact on the environment.
• Climate Change’s Giant Impact on the Economy: 4 Key Issues | Jan. 17, 2019 - The New York Times
• How Climate Change Impacts the Economy | June 20,2019 - Stae of the Planet - Earth Institute, Columbia University
• Global Warming Effects - Global Hot Map - Impact on COSTS | Union of Concerned Scientists
• Environment | Iberdrola
  • How is climate change affecting the economy and society?
• Climate Change Facts and Effect on the Economy | The Balance
• Ten facts about the economics of climate change and climate policy | Brookings
  A joint report from The Hamilton Project and the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
• Potentially large economic impacts of climate change can be avoided by human actions | Sept. 25, 2019 - ScienceDaily
• Global Non-linear Effect of Temperature on Economic Production | Stanford Paper
  Paper published online Oct 21st 2015 in the journal Nature.
  • Economic Impact of Climate Change on the World
• How Will Climate Change Impact The Economy? | Jan. 30, 2019 - PBS
• Mapping The Potential Economic Effects Of Climate Change | June 29, 2017 - NPR
• The assessment of the socio-economic impacts of climate change at household level and policy implications | PDF File - 18 pages - FAO
• How will climate change affect UK business and economy? | October 24, 2019 - Open Access Government
• How is Your Business Going to be Affected by Climate Change and What Should You Do to Prepare?
• The Economic Effects of Climate Change | Article by Richard S. J. Tol - The Journal of Economic Perspectives | JSTOR
• Climate Change and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century | NBRE: The National Bureau of Economic Research
• 10 Key Economic Sectors and Services | PDF File - 50 pages - IPCC
• Economic impacts of climate change | Wikipedia

• Climate Change
• Introduction to Our Changing Climate
  • Changes in Hurricanes
• National Climate Assessment and Development Advisory Committee

• 5 Questions About Agricultural Emissions, Answered

• The Booklet: PDF File (3.69MB)

• Learn about the sources of human-emitted greenhouse gases
  Learn about the ice ages -- Learn more about other human causes of climate change

• National Research Council Releases New Booklet and Video on Climate Change | July 9, 2012

• The Consequences of Climate Change
• How Do We Know - Evidence - Facts
• Scientific Consensus: Earth's Climate is Warming
  Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that 97 percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-warming trends over the past century are extremely likely due to human activities.
• Climate KIDS

• NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2 | Video - YouTube

• Climate Change Threats and Solutions

• Climate Change: Basic Information | EPA

• FAQ: Frequently asked questions about climate change

• Global Warming FAQs

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• Climate Change - Education: Grades 5-8 - Encyclopedic Entry

• 9 Takeaways from the National Climate Report | August 8, 2017
• Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change | Updated: July 6, 2017

• Federal Scientists' Startling Climate Report Released Before Trump Can Bury It | August 7, 2017

• Endangered Species Home Page
• Climate Change in the Pacific Northwest

• Picture Library Database
• Libraries | Browse by Country
• Polar Museums Directory | Browse by Country
  This directory provides brief details of museums with collections relating to the Arctic and Antarctic.

• National Geographic Bee
• Rishi Nair of Florida Wins 2016 National Geographic Bee and $50,000 College Scholarship | June 3, 2016

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• History Map Archive

→ Mathematics of Planet Earth 2013
Dozens of scientific societies, universities, research institutes, and foundations all over the world have banded together to dedicate 2013 as a special year for the Mathematics of Planet Earth.

• Geography
• The World Geodetic System

• Dag Hammarskjold Library - Map Library
  The Map Collection houses over 80,000 maps, some 3,000 atlases, gazetteers, travel guides, reference works and digital products.

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• World Flag Database: Site Map

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• Deserts | Search Result
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• Scripps Institution of Oceanography Library
  • Map, Chart and Atlas Collections
    The Map & Chart Collection numbers over 76,000 items and features bathymetric and hydrographic charts for the world oceans. It is one of the largest collections of bathymetric and hydrographic charts outside the Library of Congress.

• What is GIS?

• GIS Data Resource Guides
  Guide to On-line and Mostly Free U.S. Geospatial and Attribute Data

• SITE MAP

• National Atlas
  Announcement - The National Atlas Will Be Removed from Service September 30, 2014
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    In the National Atlas Map Maker, you can assemble, view, and print your own maps. You can choose from hundreds of layers of geographic information to make maps. Each map layer can be displayed individually or mixed with others as you tailor a map to your needs.
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    The National Atlas prints authoritative and attractive paper maps covering diverse topics. These are suitable for use at home, in the office, or in the classroom.
• The National Map

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Weather/Meteorology

• World Weather Information Service | Add Your Own City
  This global website presents OFFICIAL weather observations, weather forecasts and climatological information for selected cities supplied by National Meteorological & Hydrological Services (NMHSs) worldwide.

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• Edward N. Lorentz
  • Complexicon
• Edward N. Lorentz, father of chaos theory and the butterfly effect, dies at 90 | MIT News
• Predictability: Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas? | PDF File
• The Big Apple - Does the Flap of a Butterfly's Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?
• Butterfly Effect | PDF File | UCLA

• The Butterfly Effect

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