General Science
Biology
Physics
Chemistry
Astronomy/Astrophysics
Geosciences/Environment
Mathematics/Computer Science
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Great Web Sites for Kids Selection Criteria | American Library Association
How To Evaluate Web Resources
"A guide to help students quickly evaluate the
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News Literacy Project
Our mission: The News Literacy Project empowers educators to teach students the skills they need to become smart, active consumers of news and other information and engaged, informed participants in civic life.
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Pointers for Searching, Searching for Pointers

The File Guide: Difference Between JPG, PNG, EPS, PDF, PSD, AI, GIF, TIFF

For Writers: Converting Words to Pages
This website converts the number of words
to the number of pages, online and for free.


"I was like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself
now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary,
whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me."
-- Sir Isaac Newton --


Online Schooling - Home Schooling
Free E-Books
Encyclopedias
E-Prints, Preprints, Journals, .....
Science News
"Understanding means seeing that the same thing
said different ways is the same thing."

Ludwig Wittgenstein




If you wish to see them without context, perform a Google Image search for chauvet cave paintings.



If you wish to see them without context, perform a Google Image search for lascaux cave paintings.




Topics
General Biology Resources & Articles for Students and Teachers
Human Anatomy || The Human Brain || Genetics/Molecular Biology || Epigenetics || Microbiology
Evolution || Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells || Endosymbiotic Theory || Kingdoms of Life


Three Domains (Superkingdoms) Of Living Organisms || Origin of Life || Taxonomy/Phylogeny
Evolutionary Developmental Biology || Modern Evolutionary Synthesis || Evolutionary Ecology


Biomimicry || Complex Adaptive Systems || Morphogenesis || Stem Cells || Genetic Engineering
DNA Nanotechnology || The Ediacaran Period || The Cambrian Explosion


Paleontology/Evolution of Birds || Ornithology || Prehistoric/Dinosaur Art || Paleontology/Fossils
Extinction Events || Botany || Plants || Photosynthesis || Plant Propagation


Fungal Web -- Mycorrhizal Network || Ethnobotany


The Devonian Explosion || Evolution of Plants || Flowering Plants || Coevolution of Insects and Plants


Ecology || Ecosystems/Biomes || Conservation Biology || Self-Organization in Nature

Ocean/Marine Life || Zoology || Arthropods - Entomology/Insects || Ants - Superorganisms



"Why seek the miraculous and supernatural beyond life?"
From Tertium Organum by P. D. Ouspensky


"The heart of biology is that it revolves around the pattern of connections between components."
From "The Way Of The Cell" by Franklin M. Harold


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016 was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy".

Press Release


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 was divided, one half jointly to
William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura
for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
and the other half to Youyou Tu for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria.

William C Campbell, Satoshi Omura and Youyou Tu win Nobel prize in medicine
October 5, 2015 - The Guardian
3 Scientists Win Nobel Prize in Medicine for Parasite-Fighting Therapies
October 5, 2015 - The New York Times


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014
was awarded to John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, Edvard Moser
for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain.

Press Release | Press Release - PDF File

Nobel Prize in Medicine is Awarded for Discovery of Brain's 'Inner GPS'
October 6, 2014 - The New York Times


The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013
was awarded to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sudhof
for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells.

Press Release

For 3 Nobel Winners, A Molecular Mystery Solved
October 7, 2013 - The New York Times

Three Americans [James Rothman and Randy Schekman and German-born researcher Thomas Suedhof] won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Monday for discovering the machinery that regulates how cells transport major molecules [hormones, enzymes and other key substances] in a cargo system that delivers them to the right place at the right time in cells.


Biology: a field of science that encompasses the description, identification, nomenclature, and classification of organisms.


Neurogenesis

This is your brain, in glorious color | June 15, 2021 - NBC News
A new interactive map of a fragment of a human brain gives new insights into its structure.




Cells: Structure - Function | Molecular Genetics | The Central Dogma | Conserved Elements | Regulatory Genes
Gene Splicing | Molecular Biology Textbooks | Background on Genetics | The Human Genome Project





Methylation



Microbiome || Epidemiology & Virology



Five States Gunning to Make Their Kids as Scientifically Illiterate as Possible by Teaching Creationism
July 18, 2014 - Truthout



Mitosis - Meiosis | Endosymbiotic Theory | Kingdoms of Life



Origin of Life | Taxonomy/Phylogeny



Taxonomy: the science dealing with the description, identification, naming, and classification of organisms.
Phylogeny: the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms.


Graphic Representation of Hierarchy of Living Systems



Evolution of the Middle Ear | Evolution of the Eye | Modern Evolutionary Synthesis



When eradicating invasive species threatens endangered species recovery
May 29, 2014 | News360 - PhysOrg



Mathematical Biology



Emergent Properties: New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life,
owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.


CRISPR


More resources on Genetic Engineering - Regenerative Medicine can be found on the Medical/Health Page.


Paleontology/Evolution of Birds | Paleontology/Fossils



Performing a Google Image search on plant evolution will return
an uncountable number of diagrams,
each of which is associated with a web page or site.



Mother Knows Best: How Seeds Recognize the Seasons | December 15, 2014 - University of York
"Scientists at the University of York have played a key role in new research into the way 'mother' plants
use their memory of the seasons to teach their seeds the most advantageous time to germinate."



What is the largest flower in the world? | Library of Congress

What is the smallest flower in the world? | Library of Congress

Meet the World's Smallest Fruit | Mentalfloss


Global Digest has a lengthy section on Environment|Conservation|Endangered Species.



Fungal Web -- Mycorrhizal Network


Asian Alligator vs. Asian Crocodile | Asia Wild




Performing a Google Image search for animals of the Amazon will return amazing pictures,
each of which is associated with a webpage or site.




Why I've always been dissuaded from ever visiting South America.


Performing a Google image search on insects or, if you're feeling brave, world's biggest insects,
will return an uncountable number of amazing pictures, each of which is associated with a webpage or site.



Self-Organization in Nature




Topics
General Physics Resources & Articles for Students and Teachers
Van Allen Belt(s) || Origin of Moon


Classical/Newtonian Mechanics || Celestial Mechanics || Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics
Principle of Least Action || Chaos & Fractals || Emergent Phenomena || Self-Organization
Reality and Consciousness || Symmetry || Supersymmetry || Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB)


Relativity: Special and General || Matter & Mass || Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Hall Effect || Nanotechnology (Physics) || Materials Science


Quantum World || Quantum Mechanics || Hidden Variables || Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI)
Schrodinger's Equation || Quantum Entanglement || Superposition and Decoherence
Planck Measurement || Planck's Constant
Quantum Chemistry || Quantum Field Theory || QED & QCD


Loop Quantum Gravity || Causal Dynamical Triangulations || String Theory - Superstring Theory
Calabi-Yau Manifolds || Space, Time, Extra Dimensions || Higgs Boson
Particle Physics - History of Discoveries || The Standard Model of Particle Physics


Parallel Universes - Multiverse - Mathematical Universes || Holographic Universe || Inflationary Universe
Cosmology || Cosmic Web || Gravitational Waves || Cosmic Sound Waves
Stars || Dark Matter - Dark Energy || Black Holes


Philosophy Papers - Physics Papers - Molecular Biology Papers, etcetera

Physics History Network
Over 1000 biographies of physicists and histories of institutions with
information pertaining to their lives, careers, and research



"Most people who haven't been trained in physics probably think of what physicists do as a question
of incredibly complicated calculations, but that's not really the essence of it. The essence of it is that
physics is about concepts, wanting to understand the concepts, the principles by which the world works."
- Edward Witten (1951 - )



The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023:
Experiments with light capture the shortest of moments

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 to
Pierre Agostini, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA,
Ferenc Krausz, Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching
and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany,
and Anne L’Huillier, Lund University, Sweden.
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses
of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"

Press Room
In our press room you will find the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences'
recent press releases, press photos and information about upcoming events.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 | PDF File
“for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of
light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier win Nobel Prize for physics | Al Jazeera


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 - Summary
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded jointly to
Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger
"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities
and pioneering quantum information science"

Press Release

Nobel Prize in physics awarded for breakthroughs in quantum mechanics
Oct.4, 2022 Washington Post

Nobel Prize in Physics Is Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work in Quantum Technology
Oct.4, 2022 - The New York Times
Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger were recognized for their experiments
in an area that has broad implications for secure information transfer and quantum computing.


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 - Summary
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 was awarded "for groundbreaking contributions
to our understanding of complex systems" with one half jointly to
Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate,
quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
and the other half to Giorgio Parisi
"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations
in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."

Press Release - PDF File
“for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems”

Trio of scientists win Nobel prize for physics for climate work
Sykuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi share award for advancing climate knowledge
October 5, 2021 - The Guardian

Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded for Study of Humanity’s Role in Changing Climate
Oct. 5, 2021 - The New York Times


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 - Summary
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 was divided, one half awarded to Roger Penrose
"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity",
the other half jointly to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez
"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy."

Advanced information

Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Black Holes
October 6, 2020 - The New York Times
The prize was awarded half to Roger Penrose for showing how black holes could form and half to
Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez
for discovering a supermassive object at the Milky Way’s center.

Three scientists share Nobel prize in physics for work on black holes
October 6, 2020 - The Guardian


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 - Summary
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 was awarded
"for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth's place in the cosmos"
with one half to James Peebles "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology",
the other half jointly to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz
"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star."

Press Release | Press Release PDF File

Announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 | Video - 1:00:26 - YouTube
3 Win Nobel Prize in Physics for Work to Understand Cosmos
October 8, 2019 - The Washington Post


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 - Summary
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 was awarded
"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics"
with one half to Arthur Ashkin
"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems",
the other half jointly to Gerard Mourou and Donna Strickland
"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."

Press Release | Press Release PDF File


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 was divided, one half awarded to Rainer Weiss,
the other half jointly to Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves".

Press Release | Press Release PDF File

2017 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to LIGO Black Hole Researchers
October 3, 2017 - The New York Times
Rainer Weiss, Barry C Barish and Kip S Thorne win the 2017 Nobel prize in physics -- as it happened
October 3, 2017 - The Guardian
They Proved Einstein Right; Now They've Won The 2017 Physics Nobel Prize
October 3, 2017 - NPR


The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, one half awarded to David J. Thouless,
the other half jointly to F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter".

Press Release | Press Release PDF File

Topology Explained | ICTP: International Center for Theoretical Physics
2016 Nobel Physics Prize puts focus on field of growing interest to researchers.

Strange Phenomena in Matter's Flatlands | PDF File | The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Shocker: Nobel Prize In Physics Goes To Topology In Materials, Not Gravitational Waves!
October 4, 2016 - Forbes


The Nobel Prize in Physics - 2015
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 was awarded jointly to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass."

Press Release

Neutrino 'flip' wins physics Nobel Prize | October 6, 2015 - BBC

Nobel prize for physics 2015: how neutrinos saved the world | October 6, 2015 - The Guardian
The prize goes to a discovery about the properties of neutrino particles
that has saved us from worrying that Earth might end in an icy death.

2015 Nobel Prize in Physics | October 6, 2015 - Scientific American
The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics goes to
Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald
for the discovery that one kind of neutrino can change into another,
which shows that neutrinos have mass.


The Nobel Prize in Physics - 2014
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 was awarded jointly to
Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes
which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources."

Press Release

Japanese and 1 American Share Nobel in Physics for Work on LED Lights
October 7, 2014 - The New York Times

Invention of blue LEDs wins physics Nobel
October 7, 2014 by Jonathan Webb | BBC News


The Nobel Prize in Physics - 2013
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to
Francois Englert and Peter W. Higgs
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding
of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed
through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle,
by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider."

Press Release | Press Release PDF File

Tiny Particle Looms Large on Eve of Top Physics Prize
October 7, 2013 - The New York Times
For Nobel, They Can Thank the 'God Particle'
Higgs and Englert Are Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics
October 8, 2013 - The New York Times


2012 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable
measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."


Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 - 1901 | Nobel Prize Internet Archive




Physics Organizations and Societies




Celestial Mechanics | Principle of Least Action




Principle of Least Action



More resources on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics can be found on the Math Page.



The Math page has a section on Chaos Theory & Fractals



Self-Organization | Zero-Pont Energy



"If we could change our psychic apparatus and should then discover that the world
around us was changing, this would constitute for us the proof of the dependence
of the properties of space upon the properties of consciousness."
From Tertium Organum by P. D. Ouspensky

"The thoughts that one creates generate patterns at the mind level of nature."
William Tiller

"What we call our "thoughts" seem to depend upon the organization of tracks in the brain
in the same sort of way in which journeys depend upon roads and railways. The energy used
in thinking seems to have a chemical origin; for instance, a deficiency of iodine will turn a
clever man into an idiot. Mental phenomena seem to be bound up with material structure."
Bertrand Russel



Supersymmetry | Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB)



"It is increasingly clear that the symmetry group of nature
is the deepest thing that we understand about nature today."
Professor Steven Weinberg - Nobel Laureate


More resources can be found on Tensor Calculus & Relativity on the Math Page.



Why don't protons repel one another in the nucleus of an atom? | Why doesn't the electron fall into the nucleus? | Can we ever actually touch anything?

Coulomb's Law | Matter/De Broglie Waves | Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Hall Effect | Higgs Boson | Particle Physics - History of Discoveries
Dark Matter - Dark Energy











Materials Science




Quantum Mechanics | Hidden Variables | Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) | Schrodinger's Equation
Quantum Entanglement | Superposition and Decoherence | Planck Measurement | Planck's Constant
Quantum Chemistry | Quantum Field Theory | QED & QCD
Matter & Mass | Matter/De Broglie Waves





Resources on Manifolds can be found on the Math Page.


Algebraic Topology



Physicists Take a New Approach to Unify Quantum Theory and Theory of Relativity | SciTech Daily
"The scientists have therefore succeeded in bridging the gap from the microworld to the macroworld,
and thus from quantum mechanics to the General Theory of Relativity: they show that space emerges as
the condensate of these elementary cells and evolves into a universe which resembles our own."

Research Article: On f(R) Theories in Two-Dimensional Spacetime
M. A. Ahmed | Physics Department - Kuwait University | Physics Research International

A new model for the structure of spacetime: physical applications
PDF File - by Miguel Lorente - University of Oviedo, Spain | IOP Science



Calabi-Yau Manifolds | Space, Time, Extra Dimensions



"Before there were space and time, there was empty, formless stillness. The vacuum seethed
with ghost virtual particles coming into being in conjugate pairs of matter and anti-matter."

"Spacetime is but a large-scale manifestation of some more fundamental entity."

"Space and Time can be born and thus can die.1"

From: Barrow, John D.; Pi In The Sky


Particle Physics - History of Discoveries



The Standard Model of Particle Physics || The Particle Zoo || Quantum World



Image search results for structure of sun




“The idea of an objective real world whose smallest parts exist
objectively in the same sense as stones or trees exist, independently of
whether or not we observe them…is impossible.” Werner Heisenberg


Cosmic Web | Gravitational Waves | Cosmic Sound Waves | Stars | Dark Matter - Dark Energy | Black Holes










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